Melatonin Essays - Circadian Rhythm, Melatonin, Sleep Disorder

Melatonin It seems as though every time we turn around there is a new health fad, be it a drug, herb or diet. Within the past 10 years the drug melatonin has hit the market and seems to have made quite a splash with the public and the media. At a time when an estimated thirty to forty million Americans suffer from serious sleep disorders that interfere with their sleep quality and health, many are desperate for an easy solution (Sleep Foundation 1). The media claims that this ?wonder drug? melatonin is the answer to these sleep disorders and also can prevent several illnesses. But is melatonin really safe enough for the public to experiment with? How much is known about what it does and its side effects? These are many of the questions that scientists are currently trying to answer. Listening to claims from the media and consumers it is tough to get the real story about the research scientists are conducting on melatonin. Melatonin is an effective drug in aiding in sleep disorders. Melatonin was discovered in 1963 by dermatologist Aaron Lerner at Yale University. Lerner found skin lightning properties from the aggregation of organelles containing pigment (melanin) in the skin cells of amphibians. These collections of organelles are called melanosomes.2 His findings were published in the Journal of American Chemistry Society in a paper on melatonin entitled ?Isolation of Melatonin, the Pineal Gland Factor that Lightens Melanocytes.?3 Melatonin is only one of the many hormones produced by our bodies. This specific hormone is produced in the pineal gland, a small pea sized gland located at the base of the brain. To a lesser extent, melatonin is also produced in the retina.4 The pineal gland begins its production and secretion of melatonin at dusk and ceases at dawn. The pineal gland is not solely responsible for the release of melatonin, it receives instructions from the hypothalamus telling it when to begin and cease. Part of the hypothalamus, called the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN), tracks the length of day. It is also responsible for the regulation of many chemicals that govern the complicated process of sleep, including melatonin. The SCN controls the sleep-wake cycle and release of melatonin to fit seasonal changes in the amount of daylight.5 Recently, melatonin has hit the market in the form of a pill and is sold in health stores throughout the country. It is sold as a sleeping aid in pill form that claims it cures and prevents sleep disorders and jet lag in some cases. It has also been called an anti-aging drug that may prevent hypertension, high cholesterol, migraine, and even cancer and AIDS. None of these claims have been proven, but this does not stop consumers from buying and using this drug.6 Melatonin use is not regulated by the government because it is found in some foods.7 Since Aaron Lerner's discovery of melatonin there has been much research on what this hormone is responsible for. Since it was thought that melatonin was involved somewhere in sleep, researchers began a study administering a synthetic form of the hormone to subjects, taking note of the effect in had on different stages of sleep. In the early 80's, Dr. Richard Wurtman of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Clinical Research Center began giving volunteers what now would be considered a megadose of melatonin (240 mg). He found that melatonin aided in sleep and later found that as little as a tenth of a milligram can hasten the onset of sleep regardless of the time of day.8 Wurtman is the named inventor on an MIT patent pending on a melatonin-based sleeping pill (the chemical itself can not be patented). He states there is ?no controversy? that melatonin, even in fractions of a milligram, can induce sleep and shift the sleep cycle.9 Attenburrow and associates conducted a double-blind, placebo controlled, cross-over experiment to determine the effect of melatonin on sleep. Fifteen subjects were given .3 mg, 1 mg of melatonin or a placebo. The subjects sleep was continually measured, including both non-REM and REM sleep, over a period of time. Subjects were then given the opposite substance they were administered in the first segment of the study. Research found that

Algebra Basics What You Need to Know in One Article!

Algebra Basics What You Need to Know in One Article! All Algebra Basics in One Place! To understand algebra deeply, you need to learn some basics first. This article will help you to start. It contains info that helps to go further in learning. The high school encourages us to study many complex disciplines and one of them is Algebra. For many students, this is a challenging subject as it requires a deep understanding of math and being able to conduct operations like adding, subtracting, multiplying, dividing and their various combinations. In this article, you will learn how to cope with algebra challenges and ease the process of learning. Main Things You Need to Know about Algebra All the math operations have to be used in a particular order. To remember it you can use the acronym PEMDAS. Know how to work with negative numbers. The main thing you need to understand that the bigger the number, the more distance from zero points. When you have a big task, divide it into smaller ones to organize the solving process. Start every new stage from the new line. Learn how to deal with variables that represented as letters (like x, y, z) and cannot perform number functions. When you have combines equations with letter and numbers, try to exclude any numbers during the available algebra operations. As we already mentioned, one of the useful tricks can be the PEMDAS approach. This tool was designed to memorize the right math operation order. To cut the story short, we will not discuss in details why it is so, but only decode the acronym: Parenthesis; Exponents; Multiplication; Division; Addition; Subtraction. Shortly speaking, why this order is important in algebra, then you need to keep in mind that the wrong order will lead to the wrong results. For instance, when you have an issue like 8+74 and start with adding operation before multiplying, you will get 60, that will be definitely wrong. According to basic math rules you need to multiply the numbers first and then conduct the adding operations. Eventually, you will get 36 that will be the right result recognizable for everyone. To get the right answers all the time we have to follow this rule. Basic Principles of Algebra Let’s start with the main operations. The first thing will be arithmetic. Every student who learns algebra must know the principles of arithmetic. Since the elementary schools, we are being taught how to deal with adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing. That is why most people do not have any difficulties with such tasks. Algebra, in general, is almost completely based on these operations. But the complexity of it lies in various formulas, equations and substitution of numbers with symbols. If you have any problems with understanding these aspects, you can learn them on your own using the available online resources and books on math. To obtain skills in algebra you need to learn the basics step by step. If you think that working with numbers is not your passion, you have to realize that there is no need to be an expert in math to understand the main elements of algebra. Even if you study some humanitarian disciplines like journalism, law or languages, you still can learn some simplest equations first and train your counting skills. All the more complicated formulas and issues are required for students who plan to study accounting or statistics etc. In some cases, students may be assigned to write academic papers on this subject and they may get benefits from special writing services to get high results and improve their skills. You also can use a calculator that may help in solving basic tasks and concentrate on more important ones. Also, some software like Excel can be helpful in solving algebra tasks with accuracy. In this case, you need to know how and when to use the available tools. These skills are required not only for students but for people who deal with similar issues. But when it comes to exams, keep in mind that the only tools you are allowed to use there are your calculator and a pen. Any additional tools, devices, and helpful materials are forbidden there. To ease the process of taking such exams and save time you need to know perfectly how your calculator works and what problems it helps to solve. How to Deal with Negative Numbers? The biggest challenge for many pupils was the understanding that -/- gives + while -/+ remains the -. But this is the basic thing we had to memorize. Negative numbers are used very often in algebra, accounting, statistics, economics, and other subjects that are related to math and you need to have particular knowledge. We can start with basic operations like adding, multiplying, subtracting and dividing to realize how everything works in order to move to the same processes with negatives. Keep in mind that negative number located on the same distance from zero as the positive equivalent, but the direction is the opposite. You can draw or imagine the line to make visual proof of what number is bigger. When you add one negative to another you get even more negative number. You see that the digit is higher, but it keeps its negative meaning with a minus sign. So it will be lower considering the number line. When you subtract the negatives, you can consider it as adding a positive number. When you divide or multiply negative numbers, you will always get a positive result. When you divide or multiply a negative number with a positive one, in this case, you will always get a negative result. The Structure of Algebra Problems Like when you work on a research paper or an essay, in solving algebra problems you should follow the particular structure as well. Yes, you probably will need to provide a short answer, but the whole process of solving should be displayed on paper in a particular order to follow your thoughts. This is really important when you have to deal with long problems. They may have various approaches for solving, and each of them may require a lot of time. If you do not want to miss anything or make a mistake, you need to start every new step with a new line and number each line. If you have a problem with the two-sided equation, then it is better to put every part of the solving process under each other. This will let you control the process and spot any possible mistakes quickly. For instance, if you have to solve the equation 12/6 – 2 + 5 x4, you should organize your work in the following way: 12/6 – 2 + 5 x4 12/6 – 2 + 20 2 – 2 + 12 0 + 12 13 This approach applies to any algebra problem. When you organize it in the step-by-step order, you will make your learning more effective. How to Work with Variables and Their Definition If you have to pass the SAT, then you need to know algebra well. So you need to understand at least the main principles first. Learn more about SAT test scores and find any other useful info on this aspect. Reaching satisfactory results will help you with entering college. One of the primary conditions is knowledge of what variables are and how to work with them. In SAT you will definitely have tasks with these elements. Also, sometimes we add letters and symbols to the numbers. As a rule, they serve as a substitution to the unknown numbers when you need an extra figure to fit the formula, for instance. That is why they are called variables. We do not know their value, and in some cases, it is not easy to discover it. However, you sometimes even do not have to see the value to solve the task. All you need is to use the right formulas and interpret the right. Here are the examples of variables used in algebra: Latin letters like a, b, c, x, y; Greek letters like theta or beta; the symbol pi, or Ï€, also is considered as a variable. In any case, you should consider these symbols as unknown numbers. In most tasks, you need to find the value of the unknown numbers by using the basic formulas. Here is the example of such tasks: 6x+6=18, where we have X as a variable. This means that we do not know its value but we can define it using the information from other numbers. We need to make both sides equal to 18. We subtract the 6 from 18 and have 12. As we know, 62=12, then we have found out that X means 2. Another approach to understanding the variables is the substituting them with question marks. For example, you need to solve the equation 2+5+x=15, so imagine it as 2+5+?=15. It is obvious that the answer here is 8. But how to act if you have more than one variable in your task? This can be solved simply in algebra as well. Consider them as a regular number in this case. Any arithmetical operations can be done with variables of the same meaning. When x+x=3x, then x+y will have another meaning (for instance, 3xy). Let’s discover how this works with this equation: 1x+3x=8. You can add parts 1x and 3x as they have the same variable and you will get 4x. Since we have 4x=8, then we can easily assume that x=2. But this approach is applicable to the same variable only. â€Å"Cancelling† Principle: How it Works You can get the variable in another way. When we have an equation, we may have numbers and variables from both sides. For example, you may have a task like x+5=83. You need to separate the variables from the numbers. So we need to exclude the number â€Å"5† from the right side and put it on the left. But you have to do so by changing its positive meaning to the negative one. So you will get an equation like this: x=83-5. Now you need simply to solve the basic math task and you will get: x=24-5=19. A piece of cake. Let’s discuss how we can to cancel the addition. When we have the unknown number on one side, this means we can replace the known numbers on another one. We have to conduct the opposite operation. As we know, adding and subtracting are the opposite operations. That is why in our example we have subtracted the 5 to compensate its missing on the first side. This is one of the basics of algebra that you need to know for sure. You can also use this principle when you deal with multiplication and division. As you can see, starting understanding algebra can be not so hard. Train Your Skills More If you feel that you need more training to memorize algebra basics, you can use the visual elements to get the info better. You can use images in order to illustrate any algebra issue like formulas, equations, etc. During lessons teachers sometimes use any available physical objects to enhance the understanding of the concepts. How to deal with â€Å"common sense check†? This is one more opportunity to get deeper algebra insight. Anytime you present a written problem with the algebraic elements. You can check the formula by using the simple numbers. You can choose whether the equation is meaningful by replacing x with 0 or 1. Moreover, you do not always have to get around or straightforward number after solving the math problem. The answer may contain irrational numbers, decimals, fractions, and others. This is the reason you should bring the calculator. You will be informed of what form will be suitable for each problem. If you are confident in your algebra skills, check how you deal with factoring. This is one of the most complicated aspects of math. This approach is used to make the ling equations shorter and simpler. This section is considered as semi-advanced algebra. You can practice by applying algebra approaches to real-life situations. To get the algebra better, you should not only memorize the formulas but to use them and practice. This is the only way you will keep in mind at least basics. If you deal with finances, you can train your skills as well. Part-time or season job can also be useful in practicing your skills. You can also use your knowledge for obtaining related disciplines like accounting, economics, etc. By the way, math, and algebra, in particular, is also required for understanding computer sciences. This discipline is vital for engineering and constructing too. If you still consider that you cannot solve the math or algebra problem correctly, you can ask for professional assistance and order the writing help from experts who will help you to shape and correct your solutions.

Comparing and contrasting marketing activity Essay

Comparing and contrasting marketing activity - Essay Example ortant observation that the experts make is that the reach of the end customers of today has increased by huge extent, thanks to the factors like globalisation and liberalisation. The international geographical border are almost non – existent in terms of trade and finance and the revolution brought in by inter – net has enable citizens to purchase goods or services within a few clicks of the computer mouse from any part of the world. The other important thing has been the information flow. The end consumers are informed like never before and it is this factor that distinguishes between the identical products and services. There is little doubt that marketing is the life blood of business. However good the product or service might be, if it cannot be sold in the market and revenue earned; every effort falls flat. The process of marketing is truly a dynamic one and depends largely on each and every minute changes in the buying behaviour or the related environment of the target group of customers. Today, with the boom in the service sector, the impact of marketing activities are more felt. The report analyses various activities of a marketing process namely product mix, positioning, price mix, communications and distribution of two segments i.e. high - street fashion and convenience foods. In other words, the report focuses upon the marketing mix of the two segments that operate in the similar market. The report basically deals with the market of the United Kingdom i.e. the economies of England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales. The economy of United Kingdom is one of the most affluent among the world economies, being the sixth largest economy in the world and the third largest in the whole of Europe. The chosen companies for the report in this market segment are the famous fashion brand ‘Paul Smith’ and the leading convenient food store ‘Spar’. Both the companies are catering to the markets of the United Kingdom for quite a long time now and have

Letter Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Letter - Assignment Example The first speech I would like to share with you is a commencement speech that was presented at Kenyon University (Wallace, 2005). This speech calls for the understanding of education from a broader sense, which goes beyond taking classes, passing exams, and looking for a job. The second speech is a New York Times’ article, which explores the author’s experiences in a technology-driven society (Foer, 2013). The connection between the two speeches is critical. You and I enrolled in different colleges, but we have maintained our close friendship through technological platforms. Voice calls, texting, emailing, and instant social media messaging has kept us close yet so far. As we strive to achieve our career goals, it is difficult to maintain long-distance friendships. However, the use of technology has proved vital in this case. Moreover, I have continuously shared my academic experiences with you from time to time, an aspect that promotes learning from one another. Following these observations, I am sure you will find the two speeches worth to read because their connection resonates with our friendship. Even though communication technology has not worked the same way for everybody, I contend that it has maintained the liveliness of our friendship as we pursue our respective academic and career

Sign Language in Spain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sign Language in Spain - Essay Example These variations are due to the difference in cultures of the countries. Such differences keep evolving over time and they become part of the sign language used in the territory. In the United States there is a full history of deaf culture that goes back to fifty years or so, and it is traceable if one looks through scholarly and academic sources. Such a thing is not present in Spain, where the period of history is just around fifteen years. Besides that, in Spain it was not very long ago that there was an attempt to give an official status to their sign language (which could be Spanish Sign Language [LSE] and Català ¡n Sign Language [LSC]). It was in 2005 that they drew up a law that supported sign language; later on the language was at long last supported by the Spanish senate by the year 2007. In the United States deaf culture was actually the basis on which research had been started, more so in the groups of deaf people, universities, and in certain related courses such as linguistics and anthropology. On the other hand, in Spain the issue has just been debated a lot all this time. The biggest clash in this seemingly never ending history can be succinctly put in this manner: the attribute of oralism in deaf education during the early times is noteworthy as it broke with long believed philosophical thoughts regarding deafness and language. It is possible that this assimiliationist representation had a positive goal of including deaf people in society. There were materially important social advantages for people who could learn to talk. For example: people who were deaf and did not speak either were not allowed to inherit property, while on the other hand, people who took pains to learn to speak were given permission to inherit. Though the past of generous paternalism concerning the deaf people in Spain may have had its share of advantages, but indisputably it has not permitted the complete addition

Discussion Between Shareholder Value Perspective And Stakeholder Perspective Economics Essay

Discussion Between Shareholder Value Perspective And Stakeholder Perspective Economics Essay Firstly, it is necessary to understand some definitions of shareholder , stakeholder and the theory of shareholder and of stakeholder . Why there has been many debates between two theories ? Shareholder is an individual or corporation owning stock in a public or private company. Shareholder decides the membership of the board of directors by making a vote . ( Mc Graw Hill , 2003). Maximising shareholder wealth means maximising the flow of dividends to shareholders through time there is a long-term perspective . ( Glen Arnold, 2008 ). Stakeholder are groups and individuals who get benefit from or are harmed by, or whose rights are contravened or regarded by, corporate actions . The list of stakeholder commonly includes customers, employees, suppliers and the community like shareholders and other investors. As stated by Frederick R.Post , shareholder theory supports that management is allowed to ignore the interest of the the other constituencies while pursuing the interest of the shareholder owners. Moreover, in the perspective of finance, shareholder wealth maximisation is accepted as being obvious logically ( Anant K. Sundaram , Andrew C. Inkpen, 2004) . The stakeholder theory has initial root in the research involving business , society and ethics. The first argument is supported to this theory by Freeman (1984). The stakeholder theory says that managers should pay attention to all stakeholders in a company , including not only financial claimants, customers, communities, governmental officials but also under the environment, terrorists or even blackmailers ( Michael C. Jensen , 2001). According to Thomas L. Carson, corporation should be operated for all stakeholders, not just for the shareholders. However, here are some misled understanding of shareholder theory and stakeholder theory needed to be explained . Sometimes people think that manager can do everything as long as getting profit regardless of ethical issue. But the shareholder theory forces manager to raise profit only through legal, nondeceptive means ( Friedman, 1962 ) . Moreover, it is sometimes said that shareholder theory is not willing to give corporate funds to charitable projects or training employees, but in reality when employees are trained , their skills are improved and maybe the effective work is better then ever before. Also the stakeholder theory is misunderstood that it does not require a firm to focus on profitability. Although the primary objective of the stakeholder theory is the concern of involving parties, it must be attained by balancing the interest of all stakeholders including all shareholders. In my opinion, shareholder wealth maximisation should be a superior objective over stakeholder interest . Some academic argue that there is a factual and normative consensus that corporate managers should act exclusively in the economic interests of shareholders and that the best means to this end the pursuit of aggregate social welfare is to make corporate managers strongly accountable to shareholder interest ( Hansmann and Kraakman,2000, pp 1 and 9). The logic in factual consensus shows that economic compels managers to maximise shareholder wealth by mass series of different propositions like that firms can be operated effectively thanks to perfect competitive markets for goods and services . After that the pursuit of economic efficiency creates firm-wealth maximisation and the firm wealth maximisation matches shareholder wealth maximisation ( Sundaram and Inkpen, 2004 ). Then competitive market also puts pressure on managers to maximise shareholder wealth. The logic for standa rd consensus illustrates that economic efficiency maximises social welfare. However, the market is not perfect , there are many conflicts of interest that shareholders can benefit by taking from other stakeholders. For instance, they can renegotiate contracts under changed conditions or adopt an investment policy that redistribute wealth from other stakeholders. Doing favour to shareholder is dependent on their situations., firms shareholders are closer to financial default which does not care much their reputation . With the assumption is that perfect competitive market, any firms always want to increase share prices benefits shareholders . It is carried out by selling, buying or holding their shares. But if we skip these assumptions, unanimity can leave. Foe example, if managers know something that investors do not know and realise that the intrinsic value in the stock is higher than its market value. Therefore, what shareholder wealth maximisation is unclear. It depends whether s hareholders want to keep or sell their shares. If shareholders want to sell, managers could involve in various costly signaling actions to correct the potential mis-pricing. Adversely, if shareholders do not want to sell, signaling activities are less logical. We also raises questions about the experiences foundations that managers are not even willing pay lip services that they want to maximise shareholder wealth. Because for whatever reason, managers are not ready to publicly approve shareholder wealth maximisation with much enthusiasm. In contrast, they prefer to seeking several targets and shareholder wealth is often not one of them. Furthermore,they are reluctant to show ranking for the various targets they pursue, and even if they do, there is still less evidence that shareholder wealth maximisation plays the top priority . The stakeholder theory also has drawback like that how to realise corporate social responsibility , for example how to consider all stakeholders interests appropriately which is often flawed in that they do not take into account the various essential conditions and institutional restrictions of corporate decision making as to the problems of behaviour by the people who influence corporate decisions. Moreover, corporate governance is involved in how business company should be controlled legally. Management has a fiduciary task to serve the interest of shareholder and shareholder wealth maximisation should be objective of the company prescribe how strategy and investment decisions can be made. They show us little about how managers actually do their duty of managing a company to create value for shareholder . There are some ways that stakeholders can be treated unfairly, and each unequal treatment might rise efficiency at the expense of another. Thus, economic system is required to ens ure the basis fairness and managers have responsibility to behave toward all stakeholders with fairness and moral concern. A situation can be caused for stakeholder management, then if these legal obligations are insufficient to make sure the equal treatment of all stakeholders. Just corporations should defend and assist the interest of all stakeholders, they should behave all stakeholders fairly. From the above definitions, we can see that shareholder is one of the dimensions of stakeholder. But if we thinks that considering stakeholder interest as superior over shareholder wealth , it also means we must pay attention to all objectives of stakeholder interest . It is difficult to practice this because various stakeholders has conflicting or different objectives . Shareholder wealth maximisation is a single-value objective focusing on the owners of a company. Shareholder wealth maximisation supplies guide of workable decision as well as support the total value creation of the firm if pursued. In turn, it promote each group reach a greater share. Employees who finding expanded benefits are more likely to obtain these goods if the firm is prospering. And the same argument can be developed with suppliers, customers or investors and other stakeholder group It does not mean that stakeholder is disregarded comparing the owners. Reversely, the interest of other constituencies is need ed being aware but the owner is considered first. Because the objective of a firm is to maximise shareholder wealth in the long run , and the shareholders is real owners of a firm. They establish a company to get profit . But to get profit , they must have management strategy for community, employees and customers. Therefore whether they operate their company in which way , the final objective is always to maximise shareholder wealth. The problem is that should we view shareholder wealth maximisation as higher-ranking objective than stakeholder interest or just taking into consideration shareholder value maximisation ignoring the interest of other constituencies ? The answer is that shareholder wealth maximisation should be a superior over stakeholders interest combining the taking account of other constituencies. Furthermore, to get shareholder wealth maximisation in the long run, a company must care customers, environment. It is obvious that in reality, a company want to survive a nd operate successfully , it should have many strategies to pay attention to customers such as after-sale services, promotion. Enron case is a remarkable example to show the failure of shareholder theory in pursuing shareholder wealth maximisation not paying attention to stakeholders interests. 2001 was the year with the largest bankruptcy reorganisation in American history, it made stock price fallen and Enron is a superlative illustration of largest financial fraud. Enrons stockholders and employees are the most visible victims, and 4000 employees were quitted around the bankruptcy time . Besides, the failure of Enron was because of that the pursuit of intermedia shareholder wealth made it involved risk prone and caused to misapply economics . It requires too much from strategies with regard to the increase in earnings per share. Academic explains shareholder wealth in the mention of management practices that increase productivity. In recent year for fair investors, the practice of shareholder wealth maximisation does not mean patient investment. As an alternative it gets obsessed with short term showing n umbers. In Vietnam, Vedan case is also extraordinary example in the showing the failure of not paying the environment. It is a Taiwanese company specialising in producing monosodium glutamate in Vietnam. Vedan Vietnam was discovered discharging thousands of cubic meters of untreated toxic wastewater directly into the Thi Vai River for nearly fourteen years . It polluted seriously the river basin resulting in economic damage, negative effects on life and health of farmers in the region. As the result, Vedan company must pay 120 millions offered by the damaged provinces. And vedan company agree to pay condensation from now to 2011. And there is worthy-sad truth is that Vedan has been being boycotted gradually in Vietnam. These are two examples making clear that the failure of pursuit shareholder wealth maximisation not caring community. Besides, there are still lot of companies running successfully for a very long time because they know well how to maximise shareholder wealth accompanying care of other constituencies . In conclusion, shareholder wealth maximisation should be a superior objective over stakeholder interest. However, to get maximise shareholder wealth in the long run, a firm must pay attention to stakeholder interest . Therefore, a firm want to operate successfully, besides maximising shareholder wealth, it should satisfy the interest of stakeholders.

Macbeth-Tragic Hero :: essays research papers

Macbeth-Tragic Hero   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As I finished reading Macbeth by William Shakespeare I realized the true reason that Macbeth is considered a tragic hero. Like all other tragic hero’s he had many good things going for him in his life before he messes with self- destructing things and threw it all away.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Macbeth had a great marriage, he was Thane of Glamis, the people and the king respected him and he was well liked. He was a generally happy person without much greed or jealousy in his life. This was until evil and the devil overcame him. He started getting greedy and wanted more. Once the thought of being king entered his head and once he shared that with his wife, there was no turning back. He was bound to destruction.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Macbeth was weak because he allowed his wife saying that he was not a true man get to him. He had to prove to his wife that he was a man and his only way of doing that was through murder. Even though he had hesitations and second thoughts about it, he did it out of love for his wife and the possibility of his triumph; he may actually become king. He allowed this to become an obsession and he did end up killing Duncan, his king. This started him down the road of doom. He suddenly had a very evil streak that was never there before and this was revealed more often than ever. He began letting the evil take over and murdering more and more people thinking that he was only saving himself. What he did not realize was that he was only harming himself in the long run. He was driving himself mad and he was no longer himself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Macbeth was just like other tragic hero’s such as Elvis Presley. Elvis had much going for him and he thought that the drugs and alcohol were helping him deal with his stress and fame but in the long run it killed him.

Marijuana vs. Alcohol in the United States

Marijuana vs. Alcohol In The United States Marijuana and alcohol are the two most threatening drugs used in America today. Marijuana is the most illicit drug while alcohol is the most abused. Both were illegal during the prohibition but when the constitution was ratified in 1933 alcohol was made legal while marijuana remained illegal. It does not mean that because alcohol is still legal it’s less dangerous than marijuana. Both drugs lead to serious risks and should be taken with caution if used.Marijuana is a mixture of dried, shredded leaves, stems and flowers from a hemp plant better know as Cannabis sativa. Uses of marijuana can be recreational or medical and the earliest recorded uses date from the 3rd millennium BC. (Rudgley,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Lost Civilizations†) Tetrahydrocannabinol also known as THC is the chemical responsible for marijuana’s psychological effects. THC stimulates cells in the brain to release dopamine and causes euphoria like feeling. While th e most popular use is for recreational purposes, it is proven that it can help in the medical field also.Even medical marijuana is illegal in most states. Supporters of medical marijuana argue that it can be safe and effective against AIDS, cancer, multiple sclerosis, pain, glaucoma and other conditions. Nonetheless, abusing marijuana can lead to problem with learning, memory and social behavior. It can also interfere with family, work and other activities. But there are many in favor for cannabis like Bob Marley a famous musician and known for his use of marijuana describes in an interview â€Å"Herb is the healing of a nation, alcohol is the destruction†.Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant that is rapidly absorbed from the stomach and small intestine into the bloodstream. Alcohol affects every organ in the body. Individual reactions to alcohol vary and are influenced by many factors such as age, gender, physical condition, how quickly the alcohol was consumed, et c. Alcohol starts to affect the brain within five minutes of being consumed. Drinking alcohol leads to loss of coordination, poor judgment, memory lapses and even blackouts. Alcohol is a drug; so mixing it with any other drug can be extremely dangerous.Drinking excessively over a period of time can cause problems with relationships, money or the law. It can also cause severe health problems and even death. From 2001 to 2005 the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports on average more than 79,000 deaths per year was caused by excessive alcohol use. (CDC, â€Å"Vital Signs†) Excessive drinking includes binge drinking, heavy drinking and any drinking by pregnant women or minors. On the other hand, the CDC does not have a category for deaths caused by the use of marijuana.Statistically, death directly from marijuana overdose is extremely rare. However, according to the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reporting data, there were a total of 1. 5 million drug arrests nationwide in 2011 and out of those arrests around 750,000 were for marijuana alone. (FBI, â€Å"Person’s Arrested†) While both alcohol and marijuana should not be taken with any other drug and getting behind the wheel while drunk or high poses significant risk to everyone. Alcohol is still vastly greater in number when it comes to death than marijuana but then again one is legal while the other one is not.The legalization of marijuana has been an argument for over 70 years. Even though voters helped to legalize the drug in Colorado and Washington, it’s still legal for the rest of the United States. There are many pros and cons for marijuana legalization. For example, it could increase the number of children using the drug if it was legal. Whereas if the drug were to be decriminalized there would be a large reduction of the prison population while saving government costs. Our economy could benefit through taxing marijuana.In 2010, CNBC reported that legalizatio n could make it a $100 billion industry in America depending on how the government would tax on the sale and the distribution of the plant. (Nelson, â€Å"How Big Is the Marijuana Market? â€Å") The possibilities are fascinating but what if alcohol was made illegal. If alcohol were criminalized then hundreds of thousands of people who worked in the business would be out of jobs. Bootlegging and organized crimes would be on the rise. It would surely change the drinking habits of our country and would greatly decrease the number of drinking problems today.Although marijuana is less harmful than other legal drugs, has various medical benefits and legalizing it would bring economic benefits. While alcohol causes numerous deaths a year but if outlawed could lead to more harm than good. Both are very different from each other and possess the potential for unique risks or benefits. In any case, they both should not be taken with any other drug and getting behind the wheel while drunk or high poses significant risk to everyone. Marijuana and alcohol will continue to be the most used and abused drugs in America. Nevertheless they should always be dealt with caution and never be taken for granted.

The Last Emperor essays

The Last Emperor essays The Last Emperor was a movie about Pu Yi, and how Pu Yi, who at the age of 3 comes to the Imperial Dragon Throne to become the Last Emperor of China. His whole life is spanned in this film, from his childhood, to his ultimate fate as an unskilled gardener in the streets of Beijing. The movie was directed by Bernardo Bertolucci. Bernardo Bertolucci was born on March 16, 1940 in Parma, Italy. He was born into a family of intelligent people. His father was a poet, anthologist, film critic and art history professor. Bertoluccis father even encouraged Bernardo when he was a child; he often brought Bernard to film screenings. When Bertolucci was fifteen he made two short films about children, and was also gaining popularity throughout Italy as a writer. His first book, In Search of Mystery, won the one of the top literary awards in Italy, the Premio Viareggio. At the University of Rome (1958-1961) Bertolucci began his film career as an assistant director to Pier Paolo Pasolini. But Bertol ucci left the University of Rome without graduating and started on an independent study of film. Bernardo Bertolucci's first feature film, The Grim Reaper was filmed on location in Rome in 1962. Before the Revolution, his second feature film, didnt do much better commercially than The Grim Reaper, but won him recognition at the Cannes Film Festival in 1964. For the next five years Bertolucci was not able to raise money for another feature length film, but instead directed a number of documentaries and helped director Julian Beck with some of his productions. His next film, The Spider's Strategem, was said to be an improvement over his first two feature films, but it was not until the release of The Conformist in 1970 that Bertolucci's directorial excellence became known. The film deals with Fascist Italy under Mussolini. Two years later Bertolucci directed The Last Tango in Paris, an erotic film starring Marlon ...

Effects of Childhood Experiences on Self Injurious Behavior in Adulthood

Effects of Childhood Experiences on Self Injurious Behavior in Adulthood The four articles investigate different aspects concerning how incidents that one went through as a child may have an effect on adult behavior that includes inflicting pain and injury on oneself. Gratz, Conrad and Roemer (2002) examines the possibility of issues for premeditated personal hurt among university going scholars.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Effects of Childhood Experiences on Self Injurious Behavior in Adulthood specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some of the concepts that are associated with self infliction of harm according to Gratz are not limited to: unsteady affection, infancy severance, expressive disregard, sexual exploitation and disassociation gender orientation also affects how men and women react differently to these situations. One gender may become severely affected by the above causes than the other gender. The fact that men and women react differently in such conditions brings about the i ssues of gender differences when it comes to the topic of inflicting harm on oneself and for different reasons. According to Fleige, Lee, Grimm Klapp (2009) self injurious behavior with no intention of killing oneself is a grave health concern and it is looked upon as a medical spectacle by itself. Bodily self inflicted harm is possible at any age to any person but the rates are higher when it comes to adolescents and adults. The reasons as to why people turn to inflicting harm on themselves according to Fleige are: environment surroundings, character, childhood sexual abuse, nervousness, misery and assertiveness, low expression of emotions, low sense of worth and dissociation. The combination of feelings that individuals experience and their surroundings may make self harm go a notch higher as the surroundings are a factor of how individuals feel and handle their emotions. In reference to Briere and Gil (1998) self mutilation is a behavior used by individuals as a scape goat. This in simpler terms means that individuals turn to self mutilation to escape the reality of disassociation, emotional anguish and post traumatic stress.Advertising Looking for report on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Childhood sexual abuse was found to be a major reason leading to self mutilation. This tells us the main reasons of self mutilation according to Briere and Gill (1998) are to flee from ones day to day life and create a world for themselves where the individuals can focus all their attention in their mutilations while at the same time blocking out their surroundings and the simple truth about their lives. Bessel et al (1991) suggested that grownups who take part in self damaging behavior have in the past undergone trauma and had interrupted care from their parents or care providers. This study was based on the links between infancy distress, interrupted affection and personal demolition through the use of data collected previously and probable data. This study concludes that causes of self damaging behavior have strong relations to incidents that happened to one as a child (Bessel, Perry Herman 1991). Each study had its own hypotheses that were being researched on. The following were the hypotheses of each of the studies. Gratz et al (2002) based their study on the probability of reasons for intentional self infliction of harm among university attending students. The hypotheses were: H1-what are the factors that make college students delibaretly inflict harm on themselves. H2- how often do these factors occur? H3-what can be done to reduce the prevalence of the risk factors that push college student’s to turn to self harm.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Effects of Childhood Experiences on Self Injurious Behavior in Adulthood specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Fliege et al (2009) study was based on health issues that are related to and largely concerned with the behavior of self harm. There hypotheses were: H4-is conscious self harm a disease or a severe medical challenge? H5- can conscious self harm be classified as and studied on its own as a clinical phenomenon? Briere and Gil (1998) based their study on the reasons as to why individuals inflict harm on themselves consciously. Their hypotheses were: H6- which gender engages in this type of behavior more? H7-what makes individuals engage in self mutilation. Bessel et al (1991) based their study on childhood sources of self destructive behavior. They used the following hypotheses: H8- what is the relationship between childhood incidents and self destructive behavior H9- is self destructive behavior in adult hood encouraged by traumatizing occurrences that took place in ones early life.Advertising Looking for report on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In order for the researches to prove their hypotheses and come up with concrete answers to the questions and suggestions above they put different methods to use so as to have a vast area of knowledge covered and have a strong base for their hypotheses. Fleige, Lee, Grimm Klapp (2009) used recorded German psychological literature data to support their study and only aimed at finding relevant information that was concerned with bodily harm with the intention of taking ones life and information that concerned bodily harm without the intention if taking ones life. Their study also made use of researches on suicidal tendencies that only focused on non suicidal self destruction. Briere and Gil (1998) put to use the general population samples, clinical groups self recognized self mutilators. The general populations were mailed questionnaires that they were to fill concerning the subject matter of self mutilation. Clinical samples were based on analysis of victimization history and divided in relevance to self-report history of sexual and physical abuse. The self mutilating sample was taken through adverts in popular magazines and publications focusing on child abuse survivors which were the handed out at abuse-survivor conferences. Bessel et al (1991) sample were seventy four individuals who had personality disorders or bi-polar disorders were put under observation for an average of four years and observed for self destructive behavior not limited to suicide trials, self damage and eating disorders. These characteristics were then connected with independent acquired self reports of childhood trauma interruptions of parental care and dissociative observable facts. Different individuals were sampled in the studies and each study had their samples as follows: Gratz, Conrad Roemer (2002) used a voluntary based sample of one hundred fifty nine students who were majoring in psychology in one university that was multiracial and multicultural however twenty six of these ch ooses participants were not used as their information was lacking. Therefore only one hundred and thirty three students whose age was in the range of eighteen to forty nine years with a mean of22.73 years were used. Out of this sample 67% were female, 62% were white, 18% were Asian, 10% African American, 5% were Hispanic, 5% were of other races, 83% of the sample were single and 96% were heterosexual. This shows that the sample contained a variety of people who were of different ages, races, and different sexual orientation. These participants were fully informed of what the study was about and what it entailed afterwards the participants were debriefed and offered contacts that could be of help to people who took part in self harm behavior. Fliege et al (2009) used written literature from previous years and their samples were based on fifty nine original papers that were written on correlating factors that led to conscious self damaging behavior. Briere and Gill (1998) had differen t samples for each of the areas they were studying: for the general population sample the sample consisted of: a total 927 subjects and a return rate of 64%. The mean age of the full sample was 46 years range= 18-90. Most subjects were married 56% followed by separated or divorced 17% and single 18%. Of the total sample, 50% were male, and 75% were white, 11% black, 7% Hispanic, 3% Asian, 2% Native American, and 2% other. The two most common income levels were $10,000-$ 19,999 20% and$20,000-$29,999 19%. The clinical sample consisted of a total of 390 individuals: 203 women and 43 men recruited by ten therapists from their outpatient clinical practices, and 101 females and 43 males from two general psychiatric inpatient units. The mean age of subjects in the combined clinical sample (inpatient and outpatient) was 36 years (range=18-58. Three hundred fifteen 81% were white, 12% Hispanic, 6% black, and five 1% Asian. The self mutilating sample consisted of: a final sample of 93. Of th e 93 subjects, 89 96% were female. The average age was 35 years and the modal race was white 91%. Marital status was well-represented across three groups: single 41%, married 31%, and separated/divorced 27%. Modal education was some college/university 31%, followed by an undergraduate degree 20%. Bessel et al (1991) sample comprised of young adults between the ages of 18-39 years and was gathered from clinical settings at Cambridge Hospital form adverts in local dailies and the local probation department. These four articles though extensively research on the topics they are concerned with; they leave out the fact that self mutilation behavior may be caused by other reasons other that those associated with childhood trauma as all four cases indicate. These four cases emphasize on the fact that childhood trauma is the leading major cause of self harm but there may be other underlying reasons that may cause these behaviors. The good thing about these researches however is the fact tha t some of the samples taken were normal people who do no t have any history of psychological problems this shows us that not only people with psychological issues can have such characteristics but also normal people can participate in these activities. These studies give us a wide range of knowledge when it comes to assessing why, how and who engages in such detrimental behaviors and also they give suggestions on how such people can be helped to become better and stop hurting themselves willing. Reference list Bessel, V. A., Perry, C. Herman, L. J. (1991). Childhood Origins of Self-Destructive Behavior. American Psychiatric Association, 148, 1665-1667. Briere, J. Gil, E. (1998). Self-Mutilation in Clinical and General Population Samples: Prevalence, Correlates, and Functions. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 609-620. Fleige, H. Lee, J-R., Grimm, A, Klapp, F. B. (2009). Risk Factors and Correlates of Deliberate self-harm Behavior: A systematic Review. Journal of Psychosomatic Re search, vol. 66, 477-493. Gratz, L. K., Conrad, D. S. Roemer, L. (2002). Risk Factors for Deliberate Self-Harm Among College Students. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. Vol. 72, No. 1,128-140.

Grammatical Development in L2 Learners Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Grammatical Development in L2 Learners - Essay Example Grammatical knowledge, or as some label it linguistic knowledge, entails the ability to produce certain sounds that have certain meanings and to understand the sounds made by others. Also, a further widely accepted definition of grammatical knowledge is the subconscious internalized knowledge of language structure and rules that help learners generate communicative utterances, momentarily analyze and comprehend received ones, and respond appropriately (Gass & Selinker, 1994). In other words, it's the ability to produce and comprehend proper communicative utterances in conversations. Chomsky argued that children learn language not by habit formation but by acquisition a set of rules or grammar. This grammar will have a finite number of rules, but will be capable of generating an infinite number of well-formed sentences. Most of these sentences are new to our experience. This linguistic knowledge must have a generative capacity. In other words, children do not learn and reproduce a large set of sentences, but they routinely create new sentences that they have never learnt before. This is only possible because they internalize rules rather than strings of words; extremely common examples of utterances, such as "it breaked" or "mummy goed" Show clearly that children are not copying the language around them but applying rules. The task of the linguist, he claimed, is to describe this universal human ability, known as language competence, with a grammar from which the grammars of all languages could be derived. The linguist would develop this grammar by looking at th e rules children use in hearing and speaking their first language. He termed the resulting model, or grammar, a transformational-generative grammar, referring to the transformations that generate language. (Chomsky, N. (1986) When language use is considered as communication, the concepts of input, comprehensible input, and comprehensible output are appropriate metaphors because they call for images of messages (Swain & Lapkin, 1998). Corder, in (1976) made an important distinction between what is available to the learner to learn (input) and what has become part of his/her procedural knowledge (intake). What is available to the learner to learn does not count as part of his/her grammatical knowledge until it is integrated in the learner's current inter-language system. Thus, it's not enough to know about rules, lexemes, and sounds, but rather to be ready to use them whenever the learner is engaged in actual speech events. Furthermore, Sorace (1993a, 1993b, and Brad, Roebrtson, & Sorace, 1996), argued that there are two kinds of changes which occur learner's grammars: discontinuous and continuous. What Sorace interpreted from looking at data from learners of Italian was a differentiation in terms of input use with regard to auxiliary selection. She claims that it is possible for the input, or what she calls the evidence available to the learner, to have a varying effect depending on the part of grammar to be affected - more so for lexical semantics and les so for syntax. Some grammatical structures can be learned explicitly while others may only be taught implicitly through interaction because even if they can be logically justified, they are still not used by him/her

Reseach Paper on Nursing Negligence Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reseach on Nursing Negligence - Research Paper Example New Jersey has the provisions for different nursing attorneys who are responsible of evaluating the negligence on the part of the nurses, and accordingly take the measures against such negligence. The trial lawyers are experienced in determining the rights of those individuals who suffer owing to the negligence on the part of nursing and thus take the necessary measures (Messa & Associates, 2010). These are reflected through the NJSA Act 45, Section 1-18 and Section 1-25 that clearly explain the roles of the attorneys as well as the penalties against violated acts respectively (New Jersey Uniform Enforcement Act NJSA 45:1.1 et seq., n.d.). The nursing standards represent the benchmark of the duties and responsibilities of the nurses as are desired by particular nursing homes and clinical organizations. These reflect on the understanding, ability, evaluation as well as attitude that are required in competent and successful nursing practice. It is necessary for the nurses to follow the standards that they are expected to since these standards outline the professional expectations from them, as are needed for the satisfaction of the patients (Nursing Standards, 2010). Hence all nurses are required to follow these standards and adhere to the legal system since it is their duty to perform their acts well and avoid cases of lawsuits against negligence. Case Study Discussion: Cases of Failure to Documentation: Case 1: Patient in US admitted with brain infection but positive Homans’ signs being discovered and not documented by the nurse. The patient died without treatment (Special Report: How to Properly Document to Reduce Your Liability Risk, n.d.). Case 2: 23 year old woman admitted with flu but detected with pneumonia. Proper documentation of medication doses, and heart rates were absent. The patient eventually died (Case Study: Medication Administration Error and Failure to Monitor, 2008). Case 3: Oncology patient in New Jersey suffering from uneasiness but nurse ignored documentation and sustained treatment enhancing the suffering (Extravasation Follows Chemotherapy Administration, Potential Complication or Nursing Negligence, 2000). Thus in all the three cases the loss has been caused owing to the documentation failure by the nurses. The damages were filled through penalties depending on the nature of the injury or loss as might have been decided by the legal systems (Factors Affecting Damaging Awards, 2012). Law Regarding the Cases: The US Law: In the first case, the victims were awarded a sum of $500,000 for the damages (Special Report: How to Properly Document to Reduce Your Liability Risk, n.d.). In the second case, the family of the dead sought $3,000,000 for the loss (Case Study: Medication Administration Error and Failure to Monitor, 2008). New Jersey Law: According to New Jersey Uniform Enforcement Act 45, Section 1-18 allows the attorneys to perform all necessary examinations of records and documents in case any violence is reported on the part of the nursing. Section 1-25 declares the amounts of penalties that can be applied, the amounts being a maximum of $10,000 for a single violation, and $20,000 for more than one such act (New Jersey Uniform Enforcement Act NJSA 45:1.1 et seq., n.d.). ANA Code and Provision Violence: Nine provisions of the ANA Code include: