Contemporary Online Remix Culture Essay

Contemporary online remix culture continues the political and aesthetic practices associated with hip-hop. Discuss. For centuries artists have copied the masterworks of the past, they have borrowed from their contemporaries and from popular culture. Appropriation and remix methods can be found within the entertainment, music and fashion industries, texts and ideas, and extend to virtually every part of our culture. In today’s digital world remix has become a widespread phenomenon with extensive incorporation of borrowed imagery and sound into artistic practice. This activity of taking samples from pre-existing works and combining them into new product plays a vital role in society and raises questions around copyright laws which run counter to this notion that we build on the work of others (Navas 2009). Hip-hop techniques of sampling and manipulating pre-existing works to create new material and its own message can be seen to mirror contemporary online remix practices. This essay will focus on how contemporary online remix culture continues the political and aesthetic practices associated with hip-hop. Apart from looking at the actual practice of sampling this essay will examine how hip-hop was a way for the unheard and underrepresented people to make their voices heard and express hopes and frustrations of a community. Furthermore, this essay will look at how hip-hop continues to produce political discourse and how this also has been taken up by online remix culture. Finally, it will examine issues surrounding copyright issues of music and imagery in today’s digital world.

It/205 Week 8 Checkpoint

The U. S. Census Bureau attempted to employ a Field Data Collection Automation (FDCA) program to expedite the collection of information. The FDCA project is important to the Census Bureau for many reasons. The first reason is the reduction of costs associated with the collection of information. Going door to door with paper forms is costly. The actual forms that are used cost the government mass amounts of money to produce. These forms are then peddled door to door by people who are paid wages and completed in ink by residents.The forms then need to be submitted to a local office where another worker who also needs to be paid for their time then keys the information in manually. These numbers and data are influential in allocating federal monies to certain areas of each state and county. Additionally, senate district lines are drawn based on population. If these figures are inaccurate, due to human error, funds that are generally allotted for a certain area could be reduced. This red uction could affect many programs in the area.Road upkeep, social services and emergency response are just a few of the areas that could be impacted. Simply put, accurate data collection is needed to ensure that everyone in all parts of the country get their fair share. The failed implementation of the wireless handheld devices was plagued with issues from every level and department. On the federal level, lack of oversight posed the largest issue. The federal sector suffers from lack of oversight because in the private sector incentives are offered for the successful, timely and cost effective rollout of similar programs.Because no one was to receive bonuses or other incentives on the federal level a lack of oversight was easily achieved. The Harris Corporation was contracted to build and test the handheld devices including the software. The federal government did not effectively convey information about the census program to Harris. This poor communication made the development of t he handheld devices extremely difficult. Harris was also at fault for not providing updates on progress. The program was also plagued with technology issues caused by miscommunication.Risk management was not adequately studied to show potential issues with the handheld devices. The devices were plagued with slow speeds while transmitting information to a central office. Once the information was received other bugs and flaws within the system made the information inaccurate. The government and Harris both share the blame for the conundrum that ended up costing taxpayers billions of dollars. The risks involved with this project were easily visible from the beginning.With so much federal money on the line simple steps could have been taken to ensure that taxpayer burden would be minimized. The first step that should have been taken was to set up a committee or group of people that including congressmen, technology consultants and financial advisors. When undertaking such a large and co stly undertaking with taxpayer money at stake it is necessary to be accountable. Members of the staff on the federal and private end should have been in constant contact with each other to ensure that problems and issues were resolved.I would have set up a liaison at each end so they could effectively relay the needs of the government to Harris and Harris could relay known issues with the government. Testing and risk assessment should have been a priority and as such should have properly researched and monitored throughout the entire process. All technical specifications should have been clearly communicated between both entities and having a liaison on both ends would have facilitated proper development. I would have ensured that wireless networks were available at certain areas and that proper software was written that was bug free long before actual rollout. It/205 Week 8 Checkpoint The U. S. Census Bureau attempted to employ a Field Data Collection Automation (FDCA) program to expedite the collection of information. The FDCA project is important to the Census Bureau for many reasons. The first reason is the reduction of costs associated with the collection of information. Going door to door with paper forms is costly. The actual forms that are used cost the government mass amounts of money to produce. These forms are then peddled door to door by people who are paid wages and completed in ink by residents.The forms then need to be submitted to a local office where another worker who also needs to be paid for their time then keys the information in manually. These numbers and data are influential in allocating federal monies to certain areas of each state and county. Additionally, senate district lines are drawn based on population. If these figures are inaccurate, due to human error, funds that are generally allotted for a certain area could be reduced. This red uction could affect many programs in the area.Road upkeep, social services and emergency response are just a few of the areas that could be impacted. Simply put, accurate data collection is needed to ensure that everyone in all parts of the country get their fair share. The failed implementation of the wireless handheld devices was plagued with issues from every level and department. On the federal level, lack of oversight posed the largest issue. The federal sector suffers from lack of oversight because in the private sector incentives are offered for the successful, timely and cost effective rollout of similar programs.Because no one was to receive bonuses or other incentives on the federal level a lack of oversight was easily achieved. The Harris Corporation was contracted to build and test the handheld devices including the software. The federal government did not effectively convey information about the census program to Harris. This poor communication made the development of t he handheld devices extremely difficult. Harris was also at fault for not providing updates on progress. The program was also plagued with technology issues caused by miscommunication.Risk management was not adequately studied to show potential issues with the handheld devices. The devices were plagued with slow speeds while transmitting information to a central office. Once the information was received other bugs and flaws within the system made the information inaccurate. The government and Harris both share the blame for the conundrum that ended up costing taxpayers billions of dollars. The risks involved with this project were easily visible from the beginning.With so much federal money on the line simple steps could have been taken to ensure that taxpayer burden would be minimized. The first step that should have been taken was to set up a committee or group of people that including congressmen, technology consultants and financial advisors. When undertaking such a large and co stly undertaking with taxpayer money at stake it is necessary to be accountable. Members of the staff on the federal and private end should have been in constant contact with each other to ensure that problems and issues were resolved.I would have set up a liaison at each end so they could effectively relay the needs of the government to Harris and Harris could relay known issues with the government. Testing and risk assessment should have been a priority and as such should have properly researched and monitored throughout the entire process. All technical specifications should have been clearly communicated between both entities and having a liaison on both ends would have facilitated proper development. I would have ensured that wireless networks were available at certain areas and that proper software was written that was bug free long before actual rollout.

Case Study of the MAXXI National Museum

001.jpg"/ Contemporary Architecture img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1137939.003.jpg"/ This study will concentrate on MAXXI National Museum and it will supply a comprehensive reappraisal of Contemporary museum architecture ( built in Rome in 2009 ) , designed by the Zaha Hadid Architects. As it was said in â€Å"Museums in the 21stCentury† , there is no uncertainty to state that museum architecture seeks it’s development through the periods, divided into pre- and post-Bilbao epochs. Bilbao ‘s edifices are a assortment of architectural manners, runing from Gothic to modern-day architecture like Guggenheim Museum Bilbao ( construct in Spain in 1997 ) which gives the beggary of modern-day Bilbao motion. Rome has no duty to turn itself into a voguish modern metropolis ; its glorification remainders on the accomplishments of antiquity, the Renaissance, and the Baroque. In mid1990’s a new policy in Rome for ’the publicity of modern-day architecture’ has tried to alter the architectural understatement by its metropolis authoritiess, po licy with different facets, positions and cultural activities, with willingness for freshness. The foundation of the Maxi Museum was followed by international design competition uniting all the new chances. Hadid’s proposal is an impressive urban sculpture with dynamic and indefinite exhibition infinite. To build this essay, and turn out that MAXXI museum is an illustration of Modernism assorted beginnings have been researched. Therefore, its consistence includes Architectural construct and urban scheme, infinite V object, Institutional Catalyst and Contemporary Spatiality. The essay was conducted in the signifier of a study, with informations being gathered via books â€Å"Lubetkin A ; Tecton: An architectural study† by Yoshio Malcolm Reading A ; Peter Coe ( 1992 ) , â€Å"Frank O. Gehry: The complete works† by Francesco Dal Co A ; Kurt W. Foster ( 1998 ) , and the undermentioned articles â€Å"MAXXI Museum in Rome by Zaha Hadid Architects wins the RIBA Sta rling Prize 2010† by Levent Ozler, â€Å" Zaha Hadid ‘s MAXXI – National Museum of XXI Century Arts† by Zaha Hadid Architects, † Starling Prize 2010 Goes to Zaha Hadid’s MAXXI Museum in Rome† ( unknown writer ) . img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1137939.004.jpg"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1137939.005.jpg"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1137939.006.jpg"The early architectural modernism was so sudden interruption with tradition. Raise the streamer of artistic simplification and geometrization, advanced substantiate this aesthetic motto, ethical and political. The technique had become progressive character, and the machine – a metaphor.In the history of the foundation of modernism function has Berthold Lubetkin along with Le Coubusier second- coevals well-known modernist. In 1932, Lubetkin formed the Tecton partnership including Gofrey Samuel, Sir Herbert, Michael Dugdale, Valentine Harding and Anthony Chitty. Main old ages of work for Tecton partnership were the period from 1932 till the effusion of the Second universe war, and their work can be categorized in four sect ions: Apartments in north London, the work for Finsbury Borough Council, The menagerie work and house undertakings. One of the picturesque undertakings commissioned to construct after earned repute from the designed Regen’s park ( built in London, 1978 ) and Whipsnade zoo ( built in Whipsnade in 1931 ) was Dudley Zoo. Its location is outside Birmingham, in town called Dudley opened in May 1937.The geometric character of edifice consisted 12 animate being enclosures which despite the different maps of the edifices they formed relationship based on close connexion between them which was an early modernist illustration in England. In another manus on the official page of MAXXI museum Zaha Hadid commented that â€Å"the museum should non be seen as an object, but as a field of buildings† . Another manner to back up the touch of modernism is connected with the concrete walls in Kiosks, smallest edifices in the menagerie. Concrete is material typical for this period, and the same building techniques are used in Maxxi museum. In that manner is proven that Maxxi museum was portion of the Modern motion ( modernism ) . img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1137939.007.jpg"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1137939.008.jpg"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1137939.009.jpg"Another modernist for this period is half American half Canadian designer Frank Gehry. Among the well-known work of him is ( built in Spain in 1997 ) . The projected was funded and owned by Basque Country Administration, showing good entree for trade concern. The internal organisations of the infinites are distributed in three floors. The cardinal tribunal of the edifice serves as unit point, with unfastened position to the metropolis. Different art galleries fill the infinites with intent to expose impermanent exhibitions, lasting exhibitions and art from populating artist.The stuff for the exterior curving walls of the edifice is limestone and for inside is used plaster. Natural visible radiation is captured via fanlights with the aid of sunglassess control during the twenty-four hours. And as Frank Gehry says for the unconsciously made curved walls â€Å" the entropy of the curves are designed to catch the visible radiation † . With this commendation it is suggested that applied scientists along with the designer used scientific cognition, one of the typical features for modernism. In Maxxi museum the fluid and sinuate forms, the assortment and interweaving of infinites and the modulated usage of natural visible radiation is taking to functional model. By mensurating all these of import facet in order to hold this consequence and allow the visible radiation to come into the edifice they highlight the map. Therefore MAXXI museum it was besides used scientific cognition. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1137939.010.jpg"/ Once it was said by Frank Lloyd Wright ‘s that the perceptual experience â€Å"form follows function† implies the believes that it is design service to its map. Harmonizing to arcspace.com the chief design thought of Maxi museum it is conected to the usage of the edifice exhibition infinite for ocular humanistic disciplines. Maxi museum walls traversing country and their interfaces define the interior halls of the museum and exterior.Because of the geometric abstraction in Maxxi museum â€Å"Form follows function† , we reach another feature of modernism. Modernism introduces the construct of â€Å" truth to stuffs † which states that the edifice stuffs should be exposed instead than conceal and situated in the appropriate topographic point. An illustration of this is statement is Maxxi museum. With its limited scope of stuffs, such as the walls of open concrete or grey flooring utilizing its defects, it is constructed a sequence. On 2nd floor and 3rd, the touch of daytime can be sense over the glass roof supported by steel prances. They possess a mechanism that helps for the exhibition of pictures and sculptures which are non mounted to the floor. In that why Maxxi museum is modernist edifice. Another designer of the modernism motion was Oscar Niemeyer. After his single development in architecture and a series of undertakings in the metropolis Belo Horizonte, he began to experience passion for egg-shaped forms which links with his fatherland, rivers and even woman’s organic structure form and concrete as a stuff for building. The same stuffs are used in Maxxi museum, another good ground to back up the grounds of Contemporary architecture. Exposed concrete and glass we can see in Peter Behrens edifice called AEG. Wassily Kandinsky was a Russian painter, who worked chiefly in Germany and France. Kandinsky is expressionist and proclaimed himself for Godhead of the first abstract picture, despite concerns that it dates back to consider with an earlier day of the month. His first plants were abstract water-color. His work in life base on ballss through three phases: feeling of external nature, improvisation and works composings. Wassily works and lived ab initio in Munich and subsequently in Russia, but because the conditions of Russian Communism – the censoring of totalitarian government – was forced to emigrate. First assume learning at the Bauhaus in Germany, after the closing of the school by the Nazis escaped to Paris. In 1933 by the National Kandinsky taught in Weimar, Dessau and Berlin, where he met with Russian constructivism. At that clip, the geometry acquired high quality in his art. Forms which are reminding of micro-organisms, but ever picturing interior life of the Was sily. He used an unordinary colour composings copying Slavic folklore. And mix sand with dyes to leave raggedness colourss. Consequently to theguardian.com it mentions that Maxxi museum has different assortments of colourss, such as: Grey, black, white and broad scope of pick mixtures of the open concrete. Our attending is grabbed, from the ruddy abstract elements from the ceiling, positioned in order to demo the modern-day character of the edifice through colour.Respectively of Wissily Kandinsky colour theory based on abstract elements and signifiers, we have proven our claim. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1137939.011.jpg"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1137939.012.jpg"/ Modernism is period with extremely advanced technological development.It categorizes the exposure of the construction, that’s why it could be called the period of Structural Expressionism. High-tech architecture creates new ocular thoughts, and the esteem for economical edifice buildings led to hapless fabrication quality. During the 1880ss it was hard to distinguish this technological betterment from post–modern architecture. This is exemplified in the work undertaken by Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano, Centre Pompidou. As it was reference in archdaily one of the chief design construct thoughts was the typically structural bring outing for modernism. The edifice was dived with the aid of colour coding.Using this system it could be easy recognized the different constituents or country of the edifice. For illustration electrical mechanism was colored in orange and yellow, constructions and stepss were painted in gray.In maxi museum we have exposure of stairway excessively , which led once more to the idea that Maxi museum is modernist edifice. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1137939.013.jpg"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1137939.014.jpg"/ Le Corbusier is a Gallic designer and it was born in Switzerland. He formulated his five rules of modern architecture, in which he remains faithful to the terminal of his life. The first rule is connected with columns – it separates the house from the land through several back uping columns. The 2nd rule is garden – he besides uses gardens on the roof of edifices. The 3rd rule is a little figure of supporting walls. The 4th rule is widely glazing and the last 5th rule is free facade – exterior walls free from their supporting map. And based on those five point rules he adjusted one of his undertakings: Villa Savoye which has large influence over the modernism. With unfastened program and sequence of inclines, he dares the occupants to travel through the infinites invariably. In Maxxi museum the visitant are invited to come in into a series of uninterrupted infinites, instead than the compact volume of an stray edifice. So in both instances we have a incorporate i nfinite. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1137939.015.jpg"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1137939.016.jpg"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1137939.017.jpg"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1137939.018.jpg"/ Decision: To sum up, the chief end of the essay was to find and explicate why Maxxi museum is modern-day edifice. Based on several perceptual experiences typical for modernism, it was proven consequently to the construct â€Å"Form follows map † , â€Å" Truth to stuffs † , unhidden constructions and scientific cognition. Maxi is a museum with legion volumes and extension of lines, without centre point, stand foring the circulation of images and thoughts. Building is seen as a 2nd tegument of the metropolis, reacting to the environment, the edifice is seen as artistic s stretching pulling over the fantastic landscape.

The Consequentialism Approach Adopted by Andrews and Dans Research Paper

The Consequentialism Approach Adopted by Andrews and Dans - Research Paper Example The fundamental theory underlying Kantian ethics emphasizes actions in congruence with laws that are universally known/accepted and to avoid actions that are against laws that are internally inconsistent. The present situation has the need to follow this deontological reasoning. Applying another perspective to this situation, it is the utilitarianism that needs to be considered because the decision to be taken by the management should seriously consider the consequences versus advantages. Hence, revoking the incentive program needs a serious thought keeping various perspectives in mind other than cost-saving and business growth. Contemporary ethics place people at the centre of all ends, and hence the decision-making should be based on strategic and ethical grounds. From the Kantian deontological perspective, it is imperative that ZNE Technologies abides by the law that is constant and well-defined. The French employment law does not permit unilateral modification of employment contr act or parts of the contract. If modification becomes imperative, it might be accomplished only after renegotiation and mutual consent of all parties involved, which in this case would be every employee that was promised the incentives in the employment agreement and the management. Any other formalities involved should also be respected and abided by. The modifications have to be in written form in order to ensure clarity and avoid future problems. By doing so, management can also avoid violation of a statute of frauds and prior approval obtained from all necessary people, if required.

Personal Statement Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal Statement - Assignment Example A few years ago, my dad developed Parkinsons disease. Despite the fact that I am currently pursuing my studies in chiropractic school in Los Angeles, I am the only person in my family with the ability and position to assist him and provide care. Due to the severity of my dads disease, I am forced to drive everyday from San Diego, my home town, to Los Angeles to attend classes on a daily basis. It is in this regard that I am applying for a care giver scholarship in order to learn the various element of care giving. According to a definition explicated by Mayo Clinic, Parkinsons disease is a "Progressive disorder of the nervous system that affects movement" (para.1). It is important to note that Parkinsons disease develops steadily, and having a close relative or family member with the disease elevates the risk of its development in other family members. The comprehension that development of Parkinsons disease is correlated to genetics and my role as a care giver partly influenced my decision to major in Chiropractics. This has been geared towards gaining knowledge to help my dad cope with the effects of Parkinsons disease and also to learn and understand how to reduce the risk of developing the disease owing to my elevated risks in relation to hereditary factors. In essence, chiropractic is a career path that spotlights on disorders of the musculoskeletal system, nervous system, and related consequences. As reiterated by American Chiropractic Association (para.1), chiropractic deals with cure and management of neuromuscular and cardiovascular problems such as back and neck pains. Having witnessed my father struggling with the effects of the disease particularly difficulties in walking and back pains, I believed that a chiropractic course would help gain relevant knowledge, skills, and abilities that I could apply in helping my dad cope with the effects of Parkinsons disease. This scholarship will be helpful to me in my

A cross-cultural analysis of perception towards sex appeal advertising Dissertation

A cross-cultural analysis of perception towards sex appeal advertising - Dissertation Example In this research, the design taken up for the information involved the distribution of research tools to different places in an attempt to diversify the information acquired and to rule out monotony. Different towns were visited from which I gained an understanding of the information from an even deeper perspective. Research Approach The research approach incorporated in the tabulating of information was a mixture of all the four major types of research. The initial research carried out was the Advocacy research where it was arrived to the conclusion that the existing modes of research and the information acquired was not sufficient for the analysis and conclusion of the topic under review. This is from the fact that numerous people and scientists have indulged in this research method with the hope of coming to a conclusion but with the rise in technology, the information is never satisfactory. There was also the incorporation of the pragmatic approach of research. This is where ther e is the study of what professionals in the stated field have to say regarding the issue. This is important to take into account before incorporating the more popular approaches to research. This is from the fact that they offer a basis for the research and one is able to understand the waytogo buy the research and also offers one an in depth understanding of the topic under review. ... The first one involved going online and looking at several sites in an attempt to understand the different approaches that various professionals and writers had to say regarding the issue of sex appeal advertising. This method was resourceful from the fact that different opinions lead to some form of loggerheading and creates a basis for more research by individual proffesionals. With increase in research, it is clear that more information is arrived at and consequently more knowledge is articulated. Another mode of secondary research incorporated was by visiting live libraries. Libraries are known to harbor many books with different topics and the fact that the library was visited gives more credit to the information presented seeing as many books were visited. There was also the watching of many videos and documentaries that assisted understand the manner through which cultures in the prior years used to take the issue. This is compared to the manner through which contemporary cult ures percieve and act on the matter. Primary Research Primary research is the research through which a research gets information first hand without referring to any other research carried out prior to the date of research. One of the methods that I used in an effort to accumulate data through primary research was by observation. I was able to stand across a street directly opposite to a lotion advertising billboard that had a semi-naked woman photographed in it. I was able to observe the reactions that different women across all ages as they passed trough the location. From this method, I got to understand that different women of different ages had different reactions to the billboard. Women of a slightly older age were greatly offended by the billboard and could be seen frowning as

Macroeconomic Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Macroeconomic Paper - Essay Example Homeowners increasingly use them to refinance and consolidate household debts when their credit scores fall in the wake of bankruptcy, high medical bills, or other setbacks. (Blanton). It is generally believed that the subprime borrowers emerge due to lack of the good credit history on their back and since there number grew historically therefore banks and financial institutions by spotting the opportunity started lending to them at higher interest rates due to the perceived risks involved in these subprime loans. Having defined what subprime mortgages are, this article has articulately put forward the theory of predictable surprise in order to discuss the clues which the economic trends in US suggested specially after the collapse of dot com companies during 1990s. Due to the lack of policy attention by the government especially FED, the lowered interest rates in the economy created an inflated housing markets which thrived on the equity cushion created through the artificial and speculative surge in the market. The consequences of such behavior helped create a predictable surprise in the economy. Article has further discussed the role of securitization and its impact on the economy as a whole. The securitization through financial derivatives produced the results which authors predicted in their theory of predictable surprises. With the advent of innovation into the financial industry, Financial Derivatives provided a very efficient and effective tool to the financial managers to effectively manage these kinds of risks. However, financial derivatives itself are considered as detrimental if their use is made in more superficial way. Banks, in order to recoup the lost liquidity drained into the subprime mortgage loans have securitized them against the payments and real estate properties offered as securities in those mortgage loans. The process of

First-borns V Later-borns Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

First-borns V Later-borns - Term Paper Example But it is only in the recent century that scientific evidence is brought to bear on the subject. Today, based upon numerous surveys and scholarly studies conducted on the subject, it is fairly clear that birth order impacts aspects of personality. But there is disagreement among scholars as to the exact correlations between personality traits and birth order. The rest of this essay will peruse source work and Internet sources to arrive at current understanding on the relationship between birth order and personality. The CBS News article titled Birth Order Affects Smarts, Personality (2010) forwards the view that the eldest among siblings tend to have superior intelligence while the younger ones â€Å"get better grades and are more outgoing†. Using robust methodology, a team of researchers from Lawrence High School in Cedarhurst, N.Y., surveyed 90 pairs of siblings in high school. After crosschecking for facts, the team found that the â€Å"first-borns had higher test scores i n math and verbal ability, while the later born children had better grade point average in English and math.†. (CBS News, 2010) In a similar experiment conducted on a separate set of students, the research team further found that younger siblings are more â€Å"extroverted, sentimental and forgiving† their seniors (who are also more likely to be perfectionists). They also observed that older siblings act as mentors to the younger ones and are generally less competitive – this perhaps explains their lesser grades. Those low in birth order also express an adventurous streak in them, which reflects a greater sense of security that they possess. Thus far, the findings are in line with logic and conventional wisdom has hinted in history, mythology and literature. But these findings are by no means comprehensive and are not backed up by universal consensus from the community of psychologists and sociologists. The journalist teams of Geoffrey Cowley and Karen Springen h ave reviewed the subject of birth order and have assembled interesting points in their Newsweek article titled First Born Later Born which appeared in July 2011. Drawing key insights from Frank Sulloway’s book Born to Rebel, Cowley and Springen place forward the view that â€Å"firstborns, whatever their age, sex, class or nationality, specialize in defending the status quo while later-borns specialize in toppling it† (Cowley & Springen, 2011). This implies that those with same birth-rank share more things in common compared to what they share with their own siblings. Many of Sulloway’s educated surmises would be proven by his findings. Some of it is as follows. Sulloway believed that firstborns grow up with the understanding that they are â€Å"bigger, stronger and smarter than their younger siblings† (Cowley & Springen, 2011) This leads them to develop a dominant and assertive personality. Given that their younger siblings intrude on their existing rela tionship with their parents, there is bound to be jealousy and status-consciousness in the elder sibling’s mental makeup. In the same vein of argument, Sulloway proposed and proved that the elder sibling is more conscientious and more conservative than the later-borns. This explains why people such as Rush Limbaugh, George Wallace and Newt Gingrich are first-borns and very politically conservative. Conversely, by virtue of being only loosely connected to the existing family hierarchy, later-borns are more socially agreeable and more open to new experience. This correlates to the personalities of such charismatic leaders as Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr. (both are later-borns). Typifying the group of personality traits associated with first-borns are Oprah Winfrey, Saddam Hussein, Clint Eastwood, Hillary

SEARCH AND SEIZURE- CRIMINAL LAW Research Paper

SEARCH AND SEIZURE- CRIMINAL LAW - Research Paper Example Since the enactment and implementation of this law and its subsequent amendment known as the 4th Amendment, there have been several public and academic reviews on the law. Whereas some of these reviews seek to educate the public on the mandate and interpretation of the search and seizure law, others seek to criticize the law whiles others on the other hand seek to magnify the merits of the law. In this essay, there is an integrated approach to critically analyze the search and seizure law from the view points of as many schools of thoughts as there are on the law. Overview of the Search and Seizure Law The search and seizure law entails much more than we hear in its name. This is to say that the law goes beyond just searching a person or a place and seizing items. Broadly, â€Å"â€Å"Search and seizure† refers to the methods used by law enforcement to investigate crimes, track down evidence, question witnesses, and arrest suspects† (US Legal, 2011). This means that the search and seizure was enacted with the need to track down on criminal activities by gathering and gaining enough grounds for evidence and conducting investigation. For example when a civilian gives off a police tip about a person involved in the dealing of drugs, one of the best ways the police can gather evidence on the authenticity of the suspicion on the otherwise of the suspicion is to search the suspect or his or her premises. In case drugs are truly found, the police would best represent their case in court when they seize the drugs as evident. The application of the search and seizure law in the United States however varies from State to State (US Legal, 2011). The fundamental principle based on which the law works however remains the same; regardless of the State using the law. Due to the technicality of the search and seizure law, it is ably backed and guided by other constitutional laws, commonly known as the 4th Amendment. Search and Seizure and the 4th Amendment Laws a re made to protect the citizenry. This means that laws must be devoid of rooms that permit the abuse of the fundamental human right of people. Having talked about the concept and idea behind the search and seizure law, one may be tempted to think that the search and seizure law would give room for the police and perhaps other security and intelligence agencies to abuse the privacy and safety of civilians. This is far from true. This is because the mandate of the police in using the search and seizure law is controlled by the 4th Amendment. In this regard, Bergman (2010) explains that â€Å"the 4th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution places limits on the power of the police to make arrests, search people and their property, and seize objects and contraband (such as illegal drugs or weapons).† This is to say that the 4th Amendment is a policing tool for the police in executing their search and seizure jurisdictions. The 4th Amendment works on the principle and basis of privacy o f individuals. At the same time however, the 4th Amendment preserves the sanctity of the search and seizure law and therefore strikes a balance by protecting individuals against unreasonable search and seizure and not just against search and seizure. Bergman (2010)

Biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Biology - Essay Example Creatine Phosphate also called as creatine is a source of energy which on reaching the muscle is converted into phosphocreatine. It provides energy during heavy work out when there are depleted levels of ATP and acts as a major source of energy. 5. During short bursts of extreme muscular activity, lactate (lactic acid) can build up to high concentrations in the muscles and blood. the reason usually given to explain this accumulation is during strenuous work out sessions the oxygen present in the blood cannot produce energy that can satisfy the demand of the body so, there are other processes that start functioning in the body that operate in the absence of oxygen to produce ATP for which lactic acid is the end product. During exercise the energy stores in the muscle are depleted and the energy is derived from other process which are biochemical and metabolic in nature. They tend to release substances like lactate which accumulate and lead to generation of muscle fatigue because the muscle cannot excrete the metabolites compared to the speed at which they are produced. 6. Mitochondria are an essential part of the cell structure which is responsible for generation of energy. Mitochondria Cytopathy is a disease that affects the mitochondria leads to decrease in production of energy leading to multiple organ failure.

Automotive industry Essay Example for Free

Automotive industry Essay In compliance with the fulfillment of the requirements on the course â€Å"Writing in the Discipline† and in accordance with your oral instructions dated November 19, 2013, we are submitting our library research paper entitled â€Å"The Uses of Automobiles†. The main purpose of this research paper is to know automobiles and its uses, to explain the advantages and disadvantages that automobiles bring to the society, and to suggest ways on how to conserve energy using new technologies of automobiles. We hope that this paper will meet your approval. Respectfully yours, Kenneth Llauderes and Mark Joseph Sueta BSME- 1 BSME- 1. The Uses of Automobiles A Library Research Paper Presented to Mrs. Astrid O. Haresco Faculty, Department of Languages Western Institute of Technology In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Course ENGLISH 2- Writing in the Discipline By Kenneth Llauderes- BSME 1 Mark Joseph Sueta- BSME 1 February 2014 Table of Contents Page †¢Introduction 1 ?History 2 ?Contribution to the society 4 †¢Application of automobile as Transportation 5 ?Automobile Industry 5 ?Automobile Racing 6 ?Automobiles Business 9 †¢New Technologies of Automobiles 11 ?Antipollution Strategies 11 ?Safety Features 12 ?Hybrid- Electric Vehicles 13? Computers and Navigation Devices 14 ?Eco- Friendly Automobile 16 ?Other Improvements 19 †¢Conclusion 20 †¢Recommendation 20 †¢Bibliography 21 Llauderes, K. Sueta, M. J. â€Å"The uses of automobiles†. Western Institute of Technology. 2014 Automobiles transport people in a more comfortable and more efficient manner. It is a propelled vehicle used primarily on public roads but adaptable to other surface. They are classified by size, style, number of doors and intended use. The typical automobile also called a car, auto, motorcar, and passenger car, has four wheels and can carry up to six people including a driver. The researchers travelled and gathered information from the correct and truthful data from the internet and different libraries in Iloilo. The researchers conclude that automobiles change the world and the lives of the people because it has a profound impact on the society. As a whole it played a very important role in the society and it is one of the key elements of industrial economies and no doubt, it will continue to shape our culture and economy well into the next generations. The researchers recommend that the overnment agencies especially Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC) support the production of automobiles that have antipollution features and they must impose rules and regulations, and build more highways and bridges in response on the increasing number of automobiles. THESIS STATEMENT: Automobiles transport people in a more comfortable and more efficient manner. I. What is an automobile A. Definition B. History C. Contribution to the society II. Application of automobile as Transportation A. Automobile Industry B. Automobile Racing C. Automobiles Business III. New Technologies of Automobiles A. Antipollution Strategies B. Safety Features C. Hybrid- Electric Vehicles D. Computers and Navigation Devices E. Eco- Friendly Automobile F. Other Improvements Introduction An automobile is a self- propelled vehicle used primarily on public roads but adaptable to other surfaces. They are classified by size, style, number of doors and intended use. The typical automobile also called a car, auto, motorcar, and passenger car, has four wheels and can carry up to six people including a driver. Larger vehicles designed to carry more passengers are called vans, minivans, omnibuses, or buses. In this paper, those used to carry cargo are called pickups or trucks, depending on their size and design. Minivans are van- style vehicles built on a passenger car frame that can usually carry up to eight passengers. Sport- utility vehicles, also known as SUVs are more rugged than passenger cars and are designed for driving in mud or snow. The researchers chose automobile as their topic among all the topics because it is the one that people uses in their daily lives as transportation and because it is one of the key elements of industrial economies and no doubt it will continue to shape their culture and economy well into the next generations. This paper is intended to analyze and examine how technology especially automobiles change the world and the lives of the people. This paper is all about automobiles, its history, uses and countries that produce automobiles. It also discusses about the advantages and disadvantages that automobiles bring to them. It also focuses on the manufacture and servicing of automobiles. 1 This paper is gathered from the correct and truthful data from different libraries in Iloilo and by the use of the internet, the researchers also gathered some data from different resources. They use the information from the latest resources of the library. They also travelled in nearby provinces of Iloilo to collect knowledge that they apply in this paper. This paper is divided into three parts namely: what is an automobile; application of automobile as transportation and; new technologies of automobile to support the thesis statement: automobiles transport people in a more comfortable and more efficient manner. History The history of the automobile actually began about 4,000 years ago when the first wheel was used for transportation in India. In the early 15th century the Portuguese arrived in China and the interaction of the two cultures led to a variety of new technologies, including the creation of a wheel that turned under its own power. By the 1600s small steam-powered engine models had been developed, but it was another century before a full-sized engine-powered vehicle was created. In 1769 French Army officer Captain Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot built what has been called the first automobile. Cugnot’s three-wheeled, steam-powered vehicle carried four persons. Designed to move artillery pieces, it had a top speed of a little more than 3. 2 km/h (2 mph) and had to stop every 20 minutes to build up a fresh head of steam 2 As early as 1801 successful but very heavy steam automobiles were introduced in England. Laws barred them from public roads and forced their owners to run them like trains on private tracks. In 1802 a steam-powered coach designed by British engineer Richard Trevithick journeyed more than 160 km (100 mi) from Cornwall to London. Steam power caught the attention of other vehicle builders. In 1804 American inventor Oliver Evans built a steam-powered vehicle in Chicago, Illinois. French engineer Onesiphore Pecqueur built one in 1828. British inventor Walter Handcock built a series of steam carriages in the mid-1830s that were used for the first omnibus service in London. By the mid-1800s England had an extensive network of steam coach lines. Horse-drawn stagecoach companies and the new railroad companies pressured the British Parliament to approve heavy tolls on steam-powered road vehicles. The tolls quickly drove the steam coach operators out of business. During the early 20th century steam cars were popular in the United States. Most famous was the Stanley Steamer, built by American twin brothers Freelan and Francis Stanley. A Stanley Steamer established a world land speed record in 1906 of 205. 44 km/h (121. 573 mph). Manufacturers produced about 125 models of steam-powered automobiles, including the Stanley, until 1932. 3 Contribution to the society The automobile has had a profound impact on the society. It has brought superhighways, paved bridges, motels, vacations, suburbia and economic growth which accompanied them. Automobiles provide a great deal of personal freedom to their owners. The article by journalist Kevin A. Wilson provides a history of automobile design and production in the United States, and surveys recent efforts to develop lower- and zero-emissions vehicles, such as electric cars and diesel-electric hybrid cars. As suburbs, generally without public transportation, grew, cars became necessary and auto sales increased. Easy credit facilitated the purchase of cars. The number of cars on the road leaped from 40 million in 1950 to 60 million in 1960. The Federal Highway Act of 1956 created the Interstate Highway System, a 68,400-km (42,500-mi) network of limited-access highways. This system spurred further suburban growth. Technological advances transformed production. The new machine-tool industry, a trail of inventions, including the telephone, typewriter, linotype, phonograph, electric light, cash register, air brake, refrigerator car, and automobile, led to new industries. Business leaders learned how to operate and coordinate many different economic activities across broad geographic areas. Businesses were thus able to become larger, and the modern corporation became an important form of business organization. 4 Application of Automobile as Transportation Automobile industry Automobile Industry is an industry that produces automobiles and other gasoline-powered vehicles, such as buses, trucks, and motorcycles. The automobile industry is one of the most important industries in the world, affecting not only the economy but also the cultures of the world. It provides jobs for millions of people, generates billions of dollars in worldwide revenues, and provides the basis for a multitude of related service and support industries. Automobiles revolutionized transportation in the 20th century, changing forever the way people live, travel, and do business. The automobile has enabled people to travel and transport goods farther and faster, and has opened wider market areas for business and commerce. The auto industry has also reduced the overall cost of transportation by using methods such as mass production (making several products at once, rather than one at a time), mass marketing (selling products nationally rather than locally), and globalization of production (assembling products with parts made worldwide). From 1886 to 1898, about 300 automobiles were built, but there was no real established industry. A century later, with automakers and auto buyers expanding globally, automaking became the worlds largest manufacturing activity, with nearly 58 million new vehicles built each year worldwide. 5 As a result of easier and faster transportation, the United States and world economies have become dependent on the mobility that automobiles, trucks, and buses provide. This mobility allowed remote populations to interact with one another, which increased commerce. The transportation of goods to consumers and consumers to goods has become an industry in itself. The automobile has also brought related problems, such as air pollution, the emission of greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming, congested traffic, and highway fatalities. Nevertheless, the automobile industry continues to be an important source of employment and transportation for millions of people worldwide. Automobile Racing Automobile Racing is a sport in which drivers race specially designed automobiles over tracks or courses of differing lengths, designs, and constructions. The competition tests the skills of the drivers, the speed capabilities of the vehicles, and the endurance of both. Originally consisting of occasional challenges among wealthy individuals in the United States and continental Europe, automobile racing has evolved into an international year-round professional sport that is one of the most popular spectator attractions in the world. There are three basic types of race courses in automobile racing: (1) the oval track, (2) the road course, and (3) the straight-line course. Oval tracks, which can be dirt, asphalt, or concrete, range in length from 0. 16 to 2. 5 mi 6 (0. 27 to 4 km). Some oval tracks, longer than 1 mi (1. 6 km) and highly banked (angled toward the ground), are called superspeedways. Road courses have either of two forms: courses that are created by temporarily closing city streets, and courses specially designed to duplicate the twists and turns of country roads but used only for racing. Road courses of both types are generally 1. 5 to 4 mi (2. 4 to 6. 4 km) long in the United States, sometimes longer in other countries. Straight-line courses consist of a simple strip of asphalt or concrete used for drag races between two vehicles. Straight-line courses are generally 0. 25 mi (0. 4 km) long, but they can be 0. 125 mi (0. 2 km) long as well. There are five basic components of an automobile racing team: (1) the ownership, (2) the team manager, (3) the driver, (4) the support crew, and (5) the sponsors. The ownership of the car is in charge of the team but usually employs a manager to run operations on a day-to-day basis. The driver is always an independent contractor. Drivers usually compete in a variety of different cars for different owners throughout their careers. The support crew maintains the car before, during, and after races. The driver and support crew work together during races to handle needed repairs, tire changes, and fuel refills (done during brief service breaks known as pit stops). Finally, sponsors, usually corporations, provide money to the racing team in exchange for promotional ties. The most obvious examples of this relationship are company and product logos, which are commonly seen on the outside of vehicles during races. 7 Although there are many categories of automobile racing—and many types and levels of competition within each category—the major forms of the sport differ in the United States and abroad. In most parts of the world, the premier race series are those for Formula One (F1) vehicles and for sports cars. These competitions receive less attention in the United States, where the most important race series are those for Indianapolis (Indy) cars and for stock cars. Some drivers and teams move between American and overseas forms of racing, but this are uncommon. The coordinating committee for automobile racing in the United States is the Automobile Competition Committee for the United States (ACCUS), which serves as the U. S. representative on the Federation International de lAutomobile (FIA; International Automobile. Federation), the worldwide governing body of the sport. ACCUS coordinates activities between FIA and six major sanctioning bodies for automobile racing in the United States—addressing rules, regulations, automotive specifications, safety, and related matters. The eight organizational members of ACCUS are Championship Auto Racing Teams (CART), National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR), Indy Racing League (IRL), Grand American Road Racing Association (GRAND-AM), Professional Sports Car Racing (PSC), the Sports Car Club of America (SCCA), the National Hot Rod Association (NHRA), and the United States Auto Club (USAC). 8 Automobile Business Automobiles have changed and developed in response to consumer wishes, economic conditions, and advancing technology. The first gas-powered vehicles looked like horse buggies with engines mounted underneath because this was the style to which people were accustomed. By 1910, however, features like the front-mounted engine were already established, giving the automobile a look that was all its own. As public demand for cars increased, the vehicles became more stylized. The classic cars of the 1920s and 1930s epitomize the sleek, individually designed luxury cars called the â€Å"classic cars. † During the 1940s and 1950s, automobiles generally became larger until the advent of the â€Å"compact† car, which immediately became a popular alternative. The gasoline crisis is reflected in the fuel-efficient cars made in the 1970s and 1980s. Current designs continue to reflect economy awareness, although many different markets exist. In a turnaround economy like India, small can mean handsome returns. As auto makers Suzuki and Hyundai, focused on the sub-compact segment. It is thanks to buoyant small-car sales by their subsidiaries here that both Hyundai and Suzuki have posted record earnings growth, in the midst of a severe global downturn. It suggests a growth-driver role for the domestic automobile industry, and not merely in terms of volumes and sales. 9 The auto companies and ancillary makers are confident of posting 10 percent rise in business, provided barriers to free movement of goods are removed. Over 80 percent of the players in the automobile industry, having units in north India, said business activities could grow by 10 per cent while 20 per cent of the respondents said business was likely to go beyond 10 percent, a survey conducted by the PHD Chamber of Commerce and Industry said. Reeling under subdued demand for long, the domestic steel industry now hopes that the proposal to reduce excise duty on automobiles in the Interim Budget 2014-15 would spur demand for flat products. The proposal to reduce excise duty on automobiles in the current economic environment is a welcome step, however it would have been more meaningful and impactful if the excise duty on steel would have been reduced, Essar Steel. Leaving direct taxes untouched except for continuing the income tax surcharge on super-rich individuals and corporate, the Interim Budget today slashed excise duty on cars and two-wheelers, and capital goods and consumer durables to boost manufacturing and growth. 10 New Technologies of Automobiles Antipollution Strategies Pollution-control laws adopted at the beginning of the 1990s in some of the United States and in Europe called for automobiles that produced better gas mileage with lower emissions. The California Air Resources Board required companies with the largest market shares to begin selling vehicles that were pollution free—in other words, electric. In 1996 General Motors became the first to begin selling an all-electric car, the EV1, to California buyers. The all-electric cars introduced so far have been limited by low range, long recharges, and weak consumer interest. Engines that run on hydrogen have been tested. Hydrogen combustion produces only a trace of harmful emissions, no carbon dioxide, and a water-vapor by-product. However, technical problems related to the gas’s density and flammability remains to be solved. Diesel engines burn fuel more efficiently, and produce fewer pollutants, but they are noisy. Popular in trucks and heavy vehicles, diesel engines are only a small portion of the automobile market. A redesigned, quieter diesel engine introduced by Volkswagen in 1996 may pave the way for more diesels, and less pollution, in passenger cars. 11 Safety Features. Manufacturers continue to build lighter vehicles with improved structural rigidity and ability to protect the driver and passengers during collisions. Bumpers evolved as rails or bars to protect the front and rear of the car’s body from damage in minor collisions. Over the years, bumpers became stylish and, in some cases, not strong enough to survive minor collisions without expensive repairs. Eventually, government regulations required bumpers designed to withstand low-speed collisions with less damage. Some bumpers can withstand 4-km/h (2. 5-mph) collisions with no damage, while others can withstand 8-km/h (5-mph) collisions with no damage. Modern vehicles feature crumple zones, portions of the automobile designed to absorb forces that otherwise would be transmitted to the passenger compartment. Passenger compartments on many vehicles also have reinforced roll bar structures in the roof, in case the vehicle overturns, and protective beams in the doors to help protect passengers from side impacts. Seat belt and upper-body restraints that relax to permit comfort but tighten automatically during an impact are now common. Some car models are equipped with shoulder-restraint belts that slide into position automatically when the car’s doors close. 12. An air bag is a high-speed inflation device hidden in the hub of the steering wheel or in the dash on the passenger’s side. Some automobiles have side-impact air bags, located in doors or seats. At impact, the bag inflates almost instantaneously. The inflated bag creates a cushion between the occupant and the vehicle’s interior. Air bags first appeared in the mid-1970s, available as an optional accessory. Today they are installed on all new passenger cars sold in the United States. Air bags inflate with great force, which occasionally endangers a child or infant passenger. Some newer automobile models are equipped with switches to disable the passenger-side air bags when a child or infant is traveling in the passenger seat. Automakers continue to research ways to make air-bag systems less dangerous for frail and small passengers, yet effective in collisions. Hybrid- Electric Vehicles While some developers searched for additional alternatives, others investigated ways to combine electricity with liquid fuels to produce low-emissions power systems. The hybrid-electric vehicle (HEV) uses both an electric motor or motors and a gasoline or diesel engine that charges the batteries in order to extend the distance that the vehicle can travel without having to recharge the batteries. An HEV at a stoplight typically sits silent, burning no fuel and making no pollution, if the batteries are sufficiently charged. If driven slowly, as in heavy traffic, the vehicle might move only on electric power. 13 Only when more power is demanded for acceleration or to move a heavy load, does the gasoline or diesel engine come into play. Two automobiles with such hybrid engines, the Toyota Prius and the Honda Insight, became available in the late 1990s. The Prius hit automobile showrooms in Japan in 1997, selling 30,000 models in its first two years of production. The Prius became available for sale in North America in 2000. The Honda Insight debuted in North America in late 1999. Both vehicles promised to double the fuel efficiency of conventional gasoline-powered cars while significantly reducing toxic emissions. The Ford Motor Company introduced the first U. S. -made hybrid when it began production for the Ford Escape Hybrid in August 2004. The 2005 model year Escape was also the first hybrid in the sport-utility vehicle (SUV) category. Electric Car. Computers and Navigation Devices Computer control of automobile systems increased dramatically during the 1990s. The central processing unit (CPU) in modern engines manages overall engine performance. Microprocessors regulating other systems share data with the CPU. Computers manage fuel and air mixture ratios, ignition timing, and exhaust-emission levels. They adjust the antilock braking and traction control systems. In many models, computers also control the air conditioning and heating, the sound system, and the information displayed in the vehicle’s dashboard. 14 Expanded use of computer technology, development of stronger and lighter materials, and research on pollution control will produce better, â€Å"smarter† automobiles. In the 1980s the notion that a car would â€Å"talk† to its driver was science fiction; by the 1990s it had become reality. Onboard navigation was one of the new automotive technologies in the 1990s. By using the satellite-aided global positioning system (GPS), a computer in the automobile can pinpoint the vehicle’s location within a few meters. The onboard navigation system uses an electronic compass, digitized maps, and a display screen showing where the vehicle is relative to the destination the driver wants to reach. After being told the destination, the computer locates it and directs the driver to it, offering alternative routes if needed. Some cars now come equipped with GPS locator beacons, enabling a GPS system operator to locate the vehicle, map its location, and if necessary, direct repair or emergency workers to the scene. Cars equipped with computers and cellular telephones can link to the Internet to obtain constantly updated traffic reports, weather information, route directions, and other data. Future built-in computer systems may be used to automatically obtain business information over the Internet and manage personal affairs while the vehicle’s owner is driving. 15. Eco- Friendly Automobile Eight decades after the American auto industry turned away from the electric car in favor of gas-powered vehicles, the giant General Motors Corporation (GM) made a heralded return to the market with the first mass-produced version in the modern era, the EV1. The completely battery-powered $34,000 car, in development by GM since the late 1980s, was delivered amid fanfare to select dealerships in Arizona and southern California on December 5, 1996. Boasting a 137-horsepower engine that can silently accelerate from 0 to 97 km/h (0 to 60 mph) in less than nine seconds, the EV1. (Electric Vehicle 1) is hailed by some observers as an automotive breakthrough. With few moving. parts there is little regular maintenance required and no tailpipe emissions at all. Engineered to be ultralight and extremely aerodynamic to conserve energy, the EV1 is the first electric car to be made entirely from scratch as a battery-powered vehicle since the early years of the century, when as many as one-third of automobiles were electric. Most current electric cars are converted gas-powered vehicles, such as an electricity-powered Ford Ranger introduced in the summer of 1996. The EV1 was first shown to the public as a prototype model called Impact at the 1990 Los Angeles Auto Show. Consumer trials followed, as GM worked to overcome the challenges posed by an electric car: the limited travel range before needing a recharge, size and weight restrictions, power-draining auxiliaries 16 (such as heating systems), and the lack of an infrastructure of charging stations—the â€Å"gas stations† of the 21st century, according to electric vehicle backers. But there are also critics of the EV1, who point to the automobiles relatively high cost and its limited range of 113 to 145 km (70 to 90 m) before its lead-acid batteries must be recharged. The special device that can recharge the EV1 in about three hours costs an extra $2000. (Fully charging from a regular household outlet takes about 15 hours. ) Many of the doubters believe that battery technology is still too limited and that the EV1 risks ultimately hurting the cause of alternative-fuel vehicles. The more advanced nickel-metal hydride battery, which can hold a greater charge than a lead-acid battery, is just now becoming commercially available. Others argue that hybrid cars—combining electric power with internal-combustion technology— hold the best promise for the future of the automobile. Other criticisms of the EV1 include the fact that the sporty vehicle is small, holding just two people. Because electric cars generally do not perform well in cold weather, the EV1 is available only in a few warm-climate cities to start out—Los Angeles and San Diego in California, and Phoenix and Tucson in Arizona. GM plans to make and lease—rather than sell—only a few thousand cars in the initial rollout. Critics of electric cars achieved a victory in March 1996, when Californias Air Resources Board (ARB) pulled back its controversial regulations that would have forced major auto companies to make zero emission vehicles (ZEVs) account for at least 2 percent of their sales in the state starting in 1998. While the 17 ARB backed down on the first restriction, after being heavily lobbied by auto company representatives who argued that the technology was not adequately advanced, it retained the ambitious requirement that 10 percent of all new car fleets be ZEVs by 2003. The air quality of Californias urban areas is among the worst in the United States, and other pollution-plagued regions around the country are beginning to pass similar electric-car measures to address the problem. Beyond the threat of air quality regulations, General Motors is eyeing the electric vehicle as an important new product. They believe that consumers concerned about air pollution levels and rising gasoline prices will be interested in purchasing electric cars. The worlds largest automobile manufacturer, GM was able to devote the resources necessary for such a costly, large-scale project—an estimated $350 million in development costs. The company has made the EV1 such a priority that it created a special division for the vehicle and bestowed the corporate name of General Motors on a car for the first time in history (although it is being marketed and distributed by GMs Saturn division). The EV1 is only the first of a variety of low- and zero-emission vehicles that are expected from auto manufacturers in the next several years. The Honda EV, powered by nickel-metal hydride batteries, is expected in 1997, and electric cars from automakers such as Ford, Toyota, and Chrysler are planned for release no later than 1998. GM also hopes to expand its line of electric cars in the near future, including an electric Chevrolet pickup truck targeted at commercial vehicle fleets in 1997. 18 Other Improvements During the 1980s and 1990s, manufacturers trimmed 450 kg. (1,000 lb) from the weight of the typical car by making cars smaller. Less weight, coupled with more efficient engines, doubled the gas mileage obtained by the average new car between 1974 and 1995. Further reductions in vehicle size are not practical, so the emphasis has shifted to using lighter materials, such as plastics, aluminum alloys, and carbon composites, in the engine and the rest of the vehicle. Looking ahead, engineers are devising ways to reduce driver errors and poor driving habits. Systems already exist in some locales to prevent intoxicated drivers from starting their vehicles. The technology may be expanded to new vehicles. Anticollision systems with sensors and warning signals are being developed. In some, the car’s brakes automatically slow the vehicle if it is following another vehicle too closely. New infrared sensors or radar systems may warn drivers when another vehicle is in their â€Å"blind spot. † Catalytic converters work only when they are warm, so most of the pollution they emit occurs in the first few minutes of operation. Engineers are working on ways to keep the converters warm for longer periods between drives, or heat the converters more rapidly. 19 Conclusion. Based on the data presented in this paper, the researchers conclude that automobiles transport people in a more comfortable and more efficient manner because it is used in the daily lives of the people as transportation and it is also good for business. The researchers further conclude that the automobile has had a profound impact on the society. It has brought superhighways, paved bridges, motels, vacations, suburbia and economic growth which accompanied them. As a whole, the creation of automobile has played a very important role in the society and in the daily lives of the people because it is one of the key elements of industrial economies and no doubt, it will continue to shape the culture and economy well into the next generations. Recommendation Based on the conclusion, the researchers recommend the following: (1) That government agencies especially Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC) support the production of hybrid- electric vehicles, and eco- friendly automobiles because these have antipollution features. (2) That the government should conduct further research about automobiles because the researchers only comply the library research paper having limited information. (3) That the government agencies should impose rules and regulations on the increasing number of automobiles; and or they should build more highways and bridges in response to this problem. Bibliography Bellis, Mary. (N. D. ). â€Å"Automobile history†. Retrieved on December 20, 2013 at www. about. com. Coffey, Frank. 2003. America on wheels: the first 100 years. United States of America: General Publishing. Crouse, William Harry. Automotive mechanics. United States of America: McGraw- Hill Inc. Grant, Alex. January, 2013. â€Å"Entrepreneur Philippines†. Covering all bases. Page 27. Inolino, Leth. July, 2013. â€Å"Entrepreneur Philippines†. Pushing.

Mobile Technology and Communication

Mobile Technology and Communication The mobile technology has evolved over time and has seen the world move away from the fixed telephone booths to wireless and more portable devices for communication. One decade ago mobile phones were medium in size and still relied on direct connections to sources of power since there were no portable batteries (Barney, 2005). Today mobile technology has improved; we have very small and portable mobile phones that can be carried in the pockets and small bags. Mobile phones are more powerful and have become part of the human lifestyle and many people prefer to carry them wherever they go. Mobile technology has greatly improved communication in today’s world. Mobile technology has made sending and receiving of information faster than ever before. In today’s world someone who is in a far country can call directly and talk to another who is in another continent within minutes. Today people can receive live news of what has happened all over the world faster than ever before (Barney, 2005). Very large texts can be sent across the world without the use of messengers and can be received by recipients located in different parts of the world. This has made it easier to communicate with these people, improving the time and speed of communication. Because of advances in communication technology, it is now possible for universities to offer long distance courses. All that a student needs is an access to computers, and internet connectivity. Long distance courses or classes are a popular method that universities use for purposes of reaching out on students who are in other countries. Some students also prefer to use long distance classes, because of time factors. Mobile technology has also increased efficiency and reliability in the methods and ways in which business leaders communicate with their employees. Due to the advancement of mobile technology, a business manager can now control his workers whichever place they are (Preston, 2001). It is not a must for the business manager or administrator to go to the location of his or her employee. They can use the mobile phones to request for information they need. Companies with large number of branches are able to give orders to be received immediately by their specific branches with a lot of ease. We can collaborate with co-workers no matter how spread out they may be. Any one who needs confirmation or approval of vital decisions can get them without waiting for the head of the organization to return from a trip in order to make approvals. Mobile technology has made doing business better than before (Barney, 2005). Mobile technology has made communication between the doctors and patients more easy since doctors who are attending to other patients are able to make follow ups on how other patients are doing through mobile phone. This helps them make choices to attend to emergency cases first and make prescriptions for other patients without having to be there in person (Barney, 2005). The local doctor only needs to observe the patient and describe the situation to the expert who in this case might be far away, sometimes even in other countries. All the expert needs to do is to listen and make recommendations and procedures to be followed and finally prescribe the correct medication. Mobile technology has made it so easy for people to communicate with their loved ones even while away(Hackett, 2008). This has reduced loneliness and brought families and friends more close than before. In today’s world you can receive information on everyday basis on what’s happening around the people you love and see pictures and videos of the same. Because of advances in mobile technology, it is now possible to share so much information with family members, friends, and the society. Advances in mobile technology have increased the rate of people who can access internet services. Accessing the internet has also increased the rates of people who are enrolled in social networking sites like twitter. This has improved the relationship that people have towards (Grant and Meadows, 2010). Green (2002) therefore explains that without the development of mobile technology, social networking could not be possible. Mobile technology today has made it possible for government to communicate warnings to its citizens on dangers like conflict arreas, floody areas and outbreak of disease. The bus driver today do not have to bump onto any danger on his way ahead since information spread very fast and thy can be alerted through their mobile phones to avoid such risks. The nation can be aware in one hour of any threats posed to them. The government can achieve greater results since control of diseases is made easy (Bourke, 2004). The whole country can know within seconds that there is a problem and people need to take precautions. Mobile technology has improved communication of security threats by individuals to the authorities since today the policeman is just a call away. Many houses have mobile phones and thy can be able to alert the authorities on the dangers or attacks they are facing or think might affect them. The government can also carry out security operation with ease due to ease of communication (Bourke, 2004). The search for criminals has been made easy since information can reach the police faster. Gone are the days when individuals would suffer silently while being tortured the whole night by gangs waiting for morning to come before the police could know what is happening. This has reduced massacre in villages. Mobile phones have also made it easy for enquiries to be made like cost of goods, balances and bills can be paid by use of mobile phones. People do not need to walk to offices to fine information since this can be done from the comfort of their homes. Payment of these bills can also be done from the comfort of ones home. Today one do not need to travel to the bank to find information about their bank accounts. The bank is able to update individuals on deposits and withdrawals made from their accounts (Barney, 2005). In today’s world, Mobile technology has created convenience in communicating directions by individuals. People do not to loose direction while in strange land or country or city. The mobile phone has become the basic guideline for individuals. When you are lost, you can use mobile phone to locate where you are by use of applications that have maps. The simplest use would be to call the host or call back from where you were given direction in order to ensure you are moving to the right place. Mobile technology has made it so easy for individuals to get feed back faster than ever before. It would take a long time for a horse or a messenger to travel to a far distance in order to deliver a message and come back with a feedback. Today you send information and if there is a delay you just make a call, and the response is there with you. It minimizes time wastage and improves productivity of individuals. It is, therefore, important to conclude that mobile technology is an important innovation in the 20th and the 21st century. This is mainly because it played a great role in ensuring that effective communication between people occurs. This also includes communication between the government and the people, communication between business personalities, etc. Because of effective communication made possible by the emergence of mobile technology, most business institutions are able to achieve efficiency and productivity. Without efficiency in communication, it is possible for an organization to make losses. References: Barney, D. D. (2005). Communication technology. Vancouver: UBC Press. Bourke, J. (2004). Communication technology. Greenwood, WA: Ready-Ed Publications. Grant, A. E., Meadows, J. H. (2010). Communication technology update and fundamentals.  Amsterdam: Focal Press/Elsevier. Green, L. (2002). Communication, technology and society. London: SAGE. Hackett, E. J. (2008). The handbook of science and technology studies (3rd ed.). Cambridge,  Mass.: MIT Press :. Preston, P. (2001). Reshaping communications technology, information and social change.  London: SAGE.

The Tragedy of Macbeth | Analysis

The Tragedy of Macbeth | Analysis The tragedy of Macbeth is a play normally called Macbeth by William Shakespeare concerning the regicide and aftermath. It is the Shakespeares briefest tragedy believed to have been put down between 1603 and 1607. Shakespeares sources of tragedy are encounters of Macduff, King Macbeth of Scotland and Duncan in Holinsheds Chronicles of 1587, history for Scotland, England and Ireland similar to Shakespeare and his accountability (Coursen and Herbert 1997). The initial act of play opens in the amidst lighting and thunder when the present three witches came into decision of meeting with Macbeth in their next meeting. In the following scene, an injured captain gave description to King Duncan of Scotland regarding his generals Macbeth (Thane of Glamis) and Banquo. The report reviewed how Banquo and Thane of Glamis had defeated their enemies forces of Norway and Ireland who were led by conspirator Macdonwald. Macbeth, the kings kinsman was appraised for his fighting prowess and bravery. As the scene took another dimension, Banquo and Macbeth entered as they discussed about the weather and their victory. As they wandered onto the heath, the three witches entered as they waited to welcome them with prophecies. Although the Banquo challenges them at first, they addressed Macbeth after allà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Coursen and Herbert 1997). The first witch summoned Macbeth as Thane of Glamis, second as Thane of Cawdor while the third one proclaimed he could be the King in future. Macbeth seemed to be amazed into silence as Banquo challenged them furthermore. The witches notify Banquo that he would father the line of Kings, arrive and inform Macbeth concerning his newly bestowed title. Thus the first prophecy is fulfilled. Suddenly, Macbeth starts to harbor aspiration to become a king. Macbeth wrote to his wife concerning the witches prophecies as Duncan decides to remain in the Macbeths fortress at Inverness, while Lady Macbeth comes with a plan to kill him and protect the throne of her husband. Though Macbeth is concerned about the reignite, eventually Lady Macbeth persuaded him by challenging his manhood to convince him to follow his plans (Coursen and Herbert 1997). On the night when the King visited, Macbeth killed Duncan though the deed is not recognized by the audience. However, it leaves Macbeth so perplexed that Lady Macbeth had to take charge. Depending on his plans, she puts the Duncans resting servants for killing by inserting bloody daggers on them. Then the porter opened the gate as Macbeth led them into the kings chamber, whereby Macduff discovered Duncans corpse. In the contrived well of bitterness, Macbeth kills the guards before they would take care for their innocence. Macduff is then suspicious of Macbeth though he does not show his suspicion to people. To run for their lives, the Duncans sons leave, Donalbain to Ireland, and Malcolm to England. The correct heirs voyage calls them suppose and Macbeth takes the kingships the coming King of Scotland as Kinsman for dead King. Regardless of his victory, Macbeth remained disturbed regarding the prophecy of Banquo. This made Macbeth to invite him to majestic banquet in which he noticed Banquo and his young son could be coming on that night. He then hired two men to murder them as the third murderer emerges mysteriously at the park before the murder. As the assassins murders Banquo, Fleance takes the chance to flee. At the banquet, the Banquos ghost goes in and sits in Macbeths place and Macbeth alone sees the specter (Coursen and Herbert 1997). The rest wonder at Macbeth raging to empty chair till the distressed Lady Macbeth demands them to flee. Macbeth gets disturbed and visits the Three Witches again. They invokes the three spirits with three warnings and prophecies which commands him to beware Macduff though none of the woman born could harm Macbeth and he would never annihilate till the Great Birman Wood to greater Dunsinane Hill comes against him. Macduff is in exile in England and Macbeth assumes he is safe, and kills everybody in the Macduffs stronghold including the Macduffs wife together with their children. Lady Macbeth feels guilty of the crimes she committed together with her husband. She then sleepwalks and attempts to wipe the bloodstains imaginary from her hands while speaking of dreadful things she knew. In England, Macduff and Malcolm are informed of Ross that her castle was surprised and her babes and wives savagely slaughtered. Macbeth not considered as tyrant, views majority of his thanes conquering. Malcolm leads an army with Englishmen Siward (the elder) and Macduff, the Earl of Northumberland in opposition to Dunsinane Castle. While in Birnam Wood, the military were commanded to reduce and take the tree limbs to disguise their statistics and pleased the witches third prediction. Meanwhile, Macbeth gives the soliloquy tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow along learning of Lady Macbeths death (Coursen and Herbert 1997). The reason remained unrevealed and some assume she committed suicide. The battle ended in homicide of the young Macduffs and Siward altercation with Macbeth. Macbeth brags he had no reason to panic Macduff as he could not be killed by any man born by a woman. In play, the three Witches symbolize chaos, darkness and conflict while their duty is as witnesses and agents. Their presence communicates impending doom and treason.

Trouble And Her Friends :: essays research papers

'You wanted to know who I am Zero Cool? Well, let me explain the New World Order. Governments and corporations need people like you and me. We are samurai… the keyboard cowboys… and all those other people out there who have no idea what's going on, are the cattle…. Moo...'; (Hackers, 52 min). This quote emphasizes the theme of the book I've read, Trouble and Her Friends, by Melissa Scott. Sometimes in life, you don't always seem to feel in control. Well, imagine believing that you are but somehow finding out your not. India, or her alias Trouble, was one of those people who were behind the scenes, lurking in the shadows. She is a person that does not fear such things because she is the one in control...until she loses it. Can you imagine, being free as a bird, lurking around the net, experiencing it with all your senses to the ultimate limit? Then, as quickly as you were out on your own, you are tragically yanked off the net because of a law passed by Congress. Well, this is indeed what happened to Trouble. She is forced to run away from everyone and everyone she knows in order to start her life over again. SYSCOP, the actual person who prevents people that Trouble was from doing what they do. But Trouble, netwalker, no longer exists. Only India Carless, SYSCOP to SVI-four walks around living her normal life. But, when a hacker resurfaces using her former identity, it means trouble for India. Although her cover as a small commune SYSCOP is very comfortable, her chase from the minions of the law has just begun (McCormick line 14). So, these authorities believe that this new, Trouble, is indeed out there, and is indeed the same person it once was. But, India and her friends go forth in search of who this new 'Trouble' could be. As India calls forth her old 'hacker', or netwalker, friends, she runs into an old partner and lover. Consequently, she finds she has more connections, which were former netwalker, as she was, in corporate positions than she had known. And this is where a lot of her help stems from. 'When you are the authority, nothing can stop you. You need not lurk behind the shadows when the light shone upon you is your own'; (Hackers 49 min). One of the main themes in this book is that the government will attempt to control citizen's activities at all costs.

Teaching Status Report :: Reflective Writing Dunn Education Teaching Essays

Teaching Status Report As the weeks progress and my experiences at Dunn are half over, my opinion on the school, the teachers, and the students continue to change. Since I have had the opportunity to work with two different teachers, my cooperating teacher Mr. Kiernan and the bilingual teacher Ms. Brittingham I have gotten two very different aspects of the school and its teachers. The two teachers could not be any more different. Ms. Brittingham is an older woman who teachers math in the sixth grade bilingual classroom, where Mr. Kiernan is a fairly young teacher who teaches regular seventh great. Ms. Brittingham seems to get involved in the school politics where Mr. Kiernan has never mentioned anything about it. However different they may be, they have one thing in common, they both care about their students and have very good classroom management. Between the two of them I have definitely gotten wonderful examples of how to manage a loud classroom and have efficiently come up with my own style of classroom management. I really like the way Mr. Kiernan is able to be very strict with the students that they respect him, but they all seem to know that he really cares about every student and they like him as a teacher, as well. I feel that Beckie and I are very lucky to have come into a classroom with a very strong teacher guiding us. It seems that many other classrooms have severe discipline problems. I hear teachers coming into our classroom complaining that one of our students acted out again in their classroom yesterday. However, I have not had any sever discipline problems at all with any of the students. Of course many of the students get loud and I have to tell them to quiet down or sit back in their seat but nothing really horrible. There are many students that are annoying, but I don’t see any one of them as being a discipline problem. Apparently, however, some of them are sever discipline problems in other classrooms. When I asked Mr. Kiernan why this was, he simple said, à ¢â‚¬Å"They all know that I won’t put up with it, so they stopped trying.† I feel extremely lucky to have been put with Mr.

Biography Of Emily Bronte :: essays research papers

Emily Bronte was born in Thornton on July 30, 1818 and later moved with her family to Haworth, an isolated village on the moors. Her mother, Maria Branwell, died when she was only three years old, leaving Emily and her five siblings, Maria, Elizabeth, and Charlotte, Anne, and Branwell to the care of the dead woman’s sister. Emily, Maria, Elizabeth, and Charlotte were sent to Cowan, a boarding school, in 1824. The next year while at school Maria and Elizabeth came home to die of tuberculosis, and the other two sisters were also sent home. Both spent the next six years at home, where they picked up what education they could.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1835, Charlotte became a teacher at the school at Roe Head and Emily joined her as a student. After three months Charlotte sent her home again, afraid that Emily was extremely homesick from her beloved moors. For a short time in 1837 Emily moved to Halifax in order to teach at the Law Hill School. She returned to Haworth when her health again began to fail. After this agonizing experience, Emily remained at home for five years. During this period, she wrote poetry and short stories to fill her time. In 1842, she attended school in Brussels with her sister Charlotte. There they studied music and foreign language. Emily also wrote her French essays at this time. Charlotte and Emily were described as “literary geniuses.';   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All the family was reunited at home, in 1845. In the course of time, the Brontes gave up hope for a school of their own. Branwell, working on a novel, told his sisters of the profitable possibilities of novel writing. In the autumn of 1845 Charlotte discovered Emily’s poems and convinced her sister to collaborate on a volume of poems. One year later, the volume was titled Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Action Bell and was published. The first venture into publishing was a failure. By July, Wuthering Heights was finished, along with Agnes Grey by Anne Bronte and Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte. All three were seeking a publisher and finally had their novels published in late 1847. Initially, the results of Wuthering Heights were poor, selling few copies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1848, Branwell died. Emily left home for the last time to attend his funeral service, and caught a severe cold which developed into inflammation of the lungs.

Effective Leadership through Communication Essay

An effective leader with a team of multicultural and multilingual individuals, requires basic skills in communication. This paper discusses some basic types of communication and a possible methodology to ensure that the communication is understood. Communication in different forms Firstly it is important to having a basic understanding of communication, Bonvillain discusses this when she states that language is: â€Å"The primary means of interaction between people. Speakers use language to convey their thoughts, feelings intentions and desires to others. Bonvillain then goes on to say that: ‘We learn about people through what they say and how they say it; we learn about ourselves through the ways that other people react to what we say; and how we learn about our relationships with others through the give and take of communicative interactions. ’ (N. Bonvillain, 2003 Language Culture and Communication, p. 1) Jeanne Brett, Kristin Behfar, and Mary C. Kern discuss communications within teams and further analysis the categorisations in a 2006 Harvard Business Journal: â€Å"People tend to assume that challenges on multicultural teams arise from differing styles of communication. But this is only one of the four categories that, according to our research, can create barriers to a team’s ultimate success. These categories are direct versus indirect communication; trouble with accents and ? uency; differing attitudes toward hierarchy and authority; and con? icting norms for decision making. † Both of these statements support that communication can be broken down in to different categories, but the categories differ depending on the context. In my opinion whether the communication is verbal (spoken language) or non-verbal (gesture or body language) or contextual (shared experience), discovering new cultures through experience rather than theory is not without its difficulties, small signals, that may easily be missed, can be key to the formation of a successful team. For example in southern India the simple act of saying thank you can leave an individual offended, this is because â€Å"thank you† is something a senior would say to a junior employee at work to show a power status, and so an individual thanking a peer would be impolite where as in the UK individuals are taught to say thank you from an early age for all transactions. An extremely common gesture in India is the head nod or wobble, this gesture does not necessarily relate to a yes or no response, it can mean â€Å"ok†, â€Å"I hear you speaking† or â€Å"I understand† this can be confusing and one individual in the conversation may not understand the route the conversation has taken if they are not aware of this gesture. This is supported in further research: â€Å"Communication in Western cultures is typically direct and explicit. The meaning is on the surface, and a listener doesn’t have to know much about the context or the speaker to interpret it. This is not true in many other cultures, where meaning is embedded in the way the message is presented. † (Jeanne Brett, Kristin Behfar, and Mary C. Kern Harvard Business Journal, 2006) As with the head nod the use of the smile can differ greatly wherever you are. In India I have been invited to a few weddings; it is the tradition here for the reception to be held prior to the ceremony. The reception consists of the Bride and Groom standing on a stage and all the guests joining them to have a photo taken, in these photos, no one smiles. From my research this is because, for the Bride this can be an unnerving experience, she is about to leave the comfort surroundings of her home, and step in to a new world of her husbands, the bride has been taught to appear shy, and the friends and relatives are respecting that tradition. Depending on the culture a smile can mean different things. In the German culture, according to Nees, a smile â€Å"is used with far more discretion, generally only with those persons one knows and likes† (Nees 2000. P. 93) where as in Korean culture, too much smiling is often perceived as the sign of a shallow person. Dresser notes that this â€Å"lack of smiling by the Koreans has often been misinterpreted as a sign of hostility†. (Dresser, 1996. 21). Challenge: How to manage when in the field In my opinion it is the reaction to these misunderstandings or communication barriers that is the key to the success or failure of the interaction, how the Team Leader reacts and the attitude they exhibit is the difference between learning the greater complexities of an individual’s culture and offending them. This is discussed further on in the paper, in techniques and tools. To ensure the success of a multi-cultural team a single unifying objective needs to be understood by all, Cartmill discusses this point: â€Å"Language lets us get vast numbers of big, smart fellow primates all working together on a single task – building the great wall of China or fighting World War 2 or flying to the moon. † (M. Cartmill, 1998, Gift of Gab p. 56) Putting this in the context of a Raleigh programme the objective remains the same for all, this is to complete a 3 month programme volunteering in remote communities whilst contributing to sustainable development. Although the end goal may be the same, the driving force or the motivation for each individual will be wildly different. For example one individual entered the Expedition to personally develop his social skills by living with a group of people in close proximity and to be taken out of his comfort zone; another individual wanted to be taken seriously and no longer seen as the group clown. For a Team Leader to be successful it is important that they understand the overall group objectives and individuals motivations, that the team leader has open communication channels with all individuals within the team, and that the individuals have the opportunity to share and express their own culture and identity. The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Language states that: Cheering at a football game, reciting the Pledge of Allegiance, or shouting names or slogans at a public meeting can both re-enforce your group identification and reveal a great deal about you – in particular your culture, regional origins, social background, education level, occupation, age, gender and personality. (Crystal, the Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, 1997. 13) A Team Leader can achieve this by using the structured personal development journals. The journal breaks down the expedition in to the 3 phases and askes appropriate questions to help the volunteer to think about and express their motivations and aspirations of the expedition. Once the volunteer fills the appropriate section the Team Leader has 1:1 sessions with all individuals in the team, this gives the individual time with the Team Leader specifically to discuss their development and any support they require from the Team Leader, this is also an opportunity for the Team Leader to provide feedback. By having this conversation and writing it down it provides a chronological account of the volunteer’s time on programme thus showing their journey through development and achievements. The Team Leaders and Day Leaders also run group sessions through facilitated reviews, to inform group bonding. E Griffin talks about this in A First look at Communication Theory (1994. p173) It is a very natural inclination when meeting someone to talk about a topic that both parties might enjoy; and should those talks prove interesting, it is equally natural for friendships to form and evolve. The more points of contact you can establish, the more comfortable you feel. Secondly facilitated sessions with the team over the first few weeks to unite them as one team, simple tasks such as a group contract and discussing â€Å"house rules† provides boundaries and a framework for individuals to work from, by doing this through facilitation the team are setting their own boundaries and gaining an understanding of each other, thus also providing a platform to challenge each other if the boundaries are breached. Techniques: Facilitation, Eric Burnes tools A useful tool or methodology I have found is Eric Burne’s Transactional Analysis (TA). In its most basic form the model teaches that there are 3 ego states, Parent (Taught), Adult (thought) and Child (felt), if you communicate with someone from the Child ego state the response you will receive is one from a Parent ego state and vice versa, and the most beneficial form of communication is Adult to Adult. In my opinion is that if this is taken in the context of communication (verbal or non) within multi-cultural teams, if a team leader can address all individuals as an Adult, an adult will respond, warranting a productive team or successful project. It is important to note that the different categories of communication are important at this point as only 7% of meaning is in the words spoken, 38% of meaning is paralinguistic (the way that the words are said) and the final 55% is in facial expression or body language. Adding to this the knowledge that cultural differences can be as simple as a smile, an adult response will encourage the individual to participate in the communication and explain rather than be mocked (child) or scolded (Parent). An example of this would be: The day leader of the group (the day leader is an individual from the team who is chosen by the team to be the temporary leader, and usually is in this position for 3 days) had allocated tasks for the group, on day 3 of their day leader duties there was unrest within the group,(this unrest was fueled by the day leader) a team of 4 had been working on one particular part of the project which was digging cess pits for sanitation units, the day leader had allocated herself to this task for the 3 days and was unhappy at the amount of time standing in a muddy hole. Due to her frustration and the teams bickering, she approached the Team Leader and started shouting about the situation (raised voice, arms crossed in front of body, emotive language = Child ego), how it was extremely unfair that they had this task and how disgusting standing in a puddle was. The Team Leader responded in a (calm voice of normal range, arms to the sides creating neutral body language = Adult ego state) and asked questions such as: Is there anything you could do differently to resolve the situation? How can we all ensure this does not happen again? The response from the day leader was instantaneous, the shouting stopped and the day leader re allocated the team to different roles, set up a rotation system with a suitable handover discussion and communicated the change to the entire team. This is an ideal scenario, the change in response was very fast. Sometimes it may take a few interactions from the Adult ego to bring the other individual to reciprocate appropriately. Conclusion This example demonstrates that the reaction of the Team Leader ensured that the â€Å"issue† was resolved. By doing this through questioning and facilitating a conversation, the day leader felt that they were in control of the group, and were empowered to make decisions, then communicate those decisions, better enabling the day leader to perform their role whilst being supported by the team leader. As it can be the first time they have lead a team, add to this cultural differences and language barriers and It can be a very confusing and intimidating time for a day leader, and the Team Leader should expect confrontations like this, When we talk about culture it is useful to understanding it can be broken down in to basic topics, such as why and when someone smiles, and accepting that it may differ from what we already know. This helps the individual to have an open mind and appreciate that everything they know about human behavior in their own environment, can, and should, be challenged, and the results are likely to appear different from what they currently know.